No description available.

No description available.

Exercise-induced muscle soreness and damage have been investigated for almost a century, and yet it appears that there is little that can be done to avoid these consequences of over-exertion, except train on a regular basis. It is likely that freeradicals are involved at a number of stages in the muscle damage process, and therefore the provision of appropriate antioxidants may theoretically offer some protection. One such antioxidant is vitamin C, although the literature available in support of this notion is scarce. The aim of these studies, therefore, was to assess whether different nutritional interventions using vitamin C would offer any benefit to exercise-induced muscle damage and soreness. In the past, investigators have often used exercise protocols designed to maximise the extent of injury. The studies reported in this thesis, however, used an exercise protocol (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test: LIST) based on the multiple-sprint sports (e.g. football). Participation in such sports is very high, although frequently on an irregular basis, and therefore exercise of this nature may have the capacity to cause muscle damage and soreness. The LIST provided a suitable exercise model, and in different studies led to increases in soreness, markers of muscle damage, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation. It also led to poorer muscle function up to 72 h after exercise in some muscle groups. Short-term supplementation with vitamin C 2 hours before exercise successfully increased plasma and cellular concentrations, although failed to have any beneficial outcomes in terms of muscle damage or soreness. Supplementation in the hours and days (up to three days) after exercise also produced no beneficial effects, and it may be that supplementation occurred at an inappropriate time. Prolonged supplementation with vitamin C proved more promising (14 days), and was associated with reduced plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, there were modest benefits to certain' aspects of muscle soreness and function, although these were not always statistically significant. However, tliere was no effect on circulating markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase and myoglobin). These findings suggest that the regular ingestion of vitamin C may be associated with some favourable changes following damaging exercise. However, the consumption of large amounts of vitamin C immediately before or after exercise offer no appreciable benefits, despite large changes in plasma concentrations of this vitamin.

No description available.

During the late nineteenth-century William Ross became the minister of Cowcaddens Free Church Glasgow, which was situated in an area of serious social deprivation. Subsequently the church experienced significant growth and was recognised by contemporaries as an example of successful urban mission amongst the working class. This study aims to explore the reasons for the apparent success of the church and its minister, the influences which formulated their response to the urban environment, and how this compares with the work and growth of other churches within the same locality. The wider aim is to explore the extent to which the social status, activities and work of Cowcaddens Free Church either support or contradict, existing understandings about the place of religion in nineteenth-century working class life and patterns of religious decline. This study also assesses the approach of Ross and his church to ‘social concern’, a subject of considerable importance to evangelicals during the nineteenth-century. The evidence concerning church growth and the social status of the congregation is explored through detailed statistical analysis. Examination of archive material and secondary sources contribute to the formation of a more detailed picture of the local social context in which Cowcaddens Free Church operated, and of the wider Scottish theological and ecclesiological context. The evidence suggests that this was an active, growing, working class church which succeeded in attracting the urban masses to religion, but that it did so through a concentration on evangelistic outreach rather than an emphasis on social concern. As an example of religious growth and successful urban mission, Cowcaddens Free Church contributes to ongoing research concerning the importance of religion to the urban working class, and present understanding of patterns of religious growth and decline during the nineteenth-century.

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited / Left-of-center parties are rhetorically against liberalizing markets, but historical evidence proves otherwise in certain situations. The United States is vitally interested in the democratic and economic success of developing countries, as stated in United States national security strategy. This thesis uses economic institutionalism to examine the occasions on which left-of-center presidents successfully implemented neoliberal economic reforms. Case studies of Chile under President Patricio Aylwin and Brazil under Fernando Henrique Cardoso are used as evidence. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

This experiment investigated the effect of successive threats to the same attitudinal freedom on reactance arousal. Although the effect of repeated or successive threats to freedom was not considered in the original statement of reactance theory, later research suggests there will be special effects. A series of threats in close succession may arouse greater reactance than an additive model would predict. One possible explanation for such an increase in reactance is that the initial threat makes later threats more salient. Another possibility is that the later threat helps to clarify the individual's perception of the threatener's intention; that is, repeated threats imply that the behavior is directed toward the individual with a goal in mind. A second factor in the situation is whether the threatened individual has an opportunity to restore freedom between threats. Experiments on the prior exercise of freedom imply that an intervening reassertion of freedom will weaken the effect of subsequent threats by undermining their credibility. An experimental situation was created in which subjects were introduced to a (fictional) candidate for appointive office. After reading an initial description of the candidate and completing an initial preference rating, subjects received a pair of communications advocating his selection. Then a final rating of preference was made. The first communication always contained a threat to the freedom to reject the candidate. The first variable was the presence or absence of a threat in the second communication (Two vs. One Threat). The second variable was the presence or absence of an opportunity to restore freedom between the first and second communications (Forced Restoration vs. No Restoration), in the form of an essay pointing up reasons against the selection of the candidate. It was predicted that subjects' would exhibit greater negative change (in the direction of greater opposition to the candidate) after repeated threats than after a single threat when no intervening opportunity to restore freedom was permitted. No increase in negative change after successive threats v/as expected when an intervening restoration was allowed. A third variable, whether the second communication was attributed to the original communicator or a different one (Same vs. Different Source), was added to the design to gather support for either the salience or the perceived intent explanation for repeated threat effects. If the initial threat makes later ones more salient, the source of the later threat should make no difference. If the later threat clarifies the intent behind the first, then only repeated threats from the same source should produce an increase in negative change. The results of the experiment were not arrayed as expected. The only significant increase in negative change after repeated threats did occur when no restoration came between them. However, the increase appeared when the threats had different sources rather than the same source. This pattern of results supports neither the salience nor the perceived intent explanations. In addition, the intervening restoration had an unanticipated negative effect on change. These effects were considered as partial confirmation of the hypothesis, and it was proposed that threats from different sources aroused more reactance because they were perceived as different threats, while threats from the same source were viewed as a single, extended threat. Alternative explanations were discussed and issues for future research were raised. / This thesis was digitized as part of a project begun in 2014 to increase the number of Duke psychology theses available online. The digitization project was spearheaded by Ciara Healy.

At the time this work was begun, there was some confusion about the technique necessary for the successful synthesis of organomagnesium compounds in hydrocarbon solvents and without solvents. It was decided to repeat the work of Bryce-Smith and Zakharkin. Thus began the study of the synthesis of organomagnesium compounds without solvents; the study of the reaction products of these organomagnesium compounds in hydrocarbons plus 2-butanone compared to the reaction products of the corresponding etheral Grignard reagent plus 2-butanone; and a preliminary study of the nature of these organomagnesium compounds in hydrocarbon solvents.

This investigation is concerned with the problem of determining the effects of three kinds of practice (mental-physical, distributive, and physical) on improving the performance of the Modified Free-Throw. In addition, this study investigates whether or not any one of the practice methods used was superior to the others.

The preparation of 3B-(2-mercaptoethylamino)-cholestane was set as the goal of this thesis project.