Climate change and anthropogenic activities have been known to change the rate of productivity and physical characteristics of temperate lakes. This paleolimnologcial study examines the effect of recent climate change and watershed land-usage activities in nine lakes in the North Frontenac/Addington Highlands region of Ontario, and aims to predict future lake changes based on recent trends. Despite this region being identified as an area highly susceptible to the effects of climate change, no scientific studies have examined the effects of these changes on lakes of the region. Lake sediment analysis for chlorophyll-a concentration, and organic carbon and nitrogen deposition indicate that production has increased in the majority of study lakes in the approximate past century. Water column sampling for dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, conductivity, and turbidity found the majority of lakes to be thermally stratified and hypoxic in the bottom waters during the ice-covered and ice-free seasons. Climate records also indicate mean annual air temperatures have been increasing since the early 20th century. It was concluded that climate change is increasing production in the lakes of the North Frontenac/Addington Highlands region, and that future increases may increase the zone of hypoxia within the study lakes, or cause anoxia in the lakes. Additionally, it was also found that individual watershed land-usage events (i.e. logging, road construction) affected some of the study lakes, and possibly amplified the increase in production found in some. These findings assist in developing future lake mitigation methods, and preventing future increases in productivity. / Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-26 08:41:44.182

While studying packs of the eastern timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, DNA profiles at 8 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial control region were found to be similar to those of the red wolf, C. rufus. Based on this it was suggested that both the red wolf and the eastern timber wolf have a common origin, evolving in North America, with the coyote diverging from them 150,000-300,000 years ago and with neither having any recent connection with the gray wolf that evolved in Eurasia. It was further proposed, that the eastern timber wolf retain its original species designation of C. lycaon instead of the present status of a subspecies of the gray wolf. Four "types" or "races" of wolves have been previously described in Ontario. Using DNA profiles, assignment tests identified four groups, which were typified by animals in Algonquin Provincial Park, Pukaskwa National Park, Frontenac Axis and those north of Lake Superior. The tests indicate that Frontenac animals are hybrids between the western coyote and C. lycaon and represent the eastern coyote. Pukaskwa maintains a small wolf population, which is genetically closer to the gray wolves of the Northwest Territories than the surrounding C. lycaon. These may represent an isolated remnant population of the original "Ontario type" (C. lupus). Animals north of Lake Superior were identified as C. lycaon, but represent products of hybridization between C. lycaon and C. lupus. Currently within Ontario, Algonquin Park contains the largest protected area of the eastern timber wolf. DNA profiles, including Y-linked microsatellite loci were used to establish maternity, paternity and kin relationships for 102 animals from 24 packs over a 12-year period. A complex pack structure was identified. A pack is not composed simply of an unrelated breeding pair and their offspring and subordinates appear to enter pack systems through adoption, pack splitting, dispersal and immigration. Relatively high genetic structuring was found between the Park animals and the "Tweed" wolves to the southeast suggesting introgression of coyote genetic material is not a present concern to the integrity of park animals. Evidence of gene flow with animals to the west, northeast and northwest coupled with the high genetic diversity, suggest that the Park animals are not an island population, but the southern part of a larger metapopulation of C. lycaon. Increased interest in the relationship of the red and eastern wolves led to the investigation of a gene in the major histocompatibility complex. Allelic variation in the exon 2 region of the DLA-DQA1 locus was analysed for gray wolves, red wolves, the eastern timber wolf and the western coyote. Twelve alleles were identified, seven of which were previously characterized in dogs. Non-synonomous nucleotide substitutions was 3.0 times higher than the synonomous changes, indicative of strong positive selection. These data provide baselines for the determination of allele frequencies and their distribution across the geographical range of the four species in North America. The results in this thesis have sparked numerous debates with respect to the protection of the wolves in Algonquin Provincial Park and reintroduction of wolves into Northeastern United States. The data support the idea that the C. lycaon population in Ontario is relatively large, numbering in the thousands rather than the hundreds. Concern for the conservation of wolves in Ontario should be directed at the declining numbers of gray wolves present in Ontario. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Consommer local est un acte valorisé socialement et l'image positive d'une provenance géographique affichée signifie un gage de qualité gustative supérieure. On constate d'ailleurs que plus le restaurant est dit « gastronomique », plus l'origine des aliments est spécifiée dans l'appellation du plat. Dans le cadre de cette étude, la gastronomie est entendue comme « une esthétisation de la cuisine et des manières de table, un détournement hédoniste des buts biologiques de l'alimentation » (Poulain, 2002). Ce « détournement » est celui d'éveiller les sens grâce aux mets préparés par des cuisiniers professionnels formés à la « Grande cuisine » (Revel, 1979). De type didactique, cette thèse expose le fil d'une recherche exploratoire qui a pour point de départ l'analyse de l'offre des menus gastronomiques du Château Frontenac (Québec) entre 1933 et 1960 sous l'angle géographique et culturel des appellations, et ce grâce à un corpus solide d'une soixantaine de menus journaliers et de banquets mis à disposition par l'icône visuelle et gastronomique de Québec. Chemin faisant, il est alors démontré, d'une part, que le contexte mais aussi le statut du Château Frontenac doivent être pris en considération pour comprendre les choix qui étaient faits des produits et, d'autre part, que les appellations des menus étaient élaborées selon des critères distinctifs en concordance avec la particularité du restaurant et de l'emblème territorial dans lequel il se trouve. La méthodologie retenue emprunte l'analyse de contenu telle que proposée par Bardin (2013) et son originalité repose sur une lecture des menus en trois temps. En se référant à des ouvrages culinaires, les préparations de type cuisine classique sont tout d'abord repérées (Phase I) puis celles en lien avec les contextes historique et culturel (Phase II) pour enfin révéler celles propres au territoire de recherche (Phase III). Après l'analyse des données et leur interprétation, lors de laquelle le menu gastronomique est identifié comme un des éléments du théâtre gourmand, l'exploration se poursuit pour mieux comprendre certaines appellations aux menus et leur évolution. Il en résulte un enrichissement des cadres théorique et contextuel initiaux et, à la toute fin seulement du cheminement, un cadre interprétatif qui, en plus de structurer les éléments d'une expérience gastronomique globale, ouvre des pistes de réflexion sur les théories en représentation sociale. Enfin, ou plutôt par conséquent, un appel est lancé sur la nécessité d'un archivage professionnel de ces menus et des pièces connexes, dans la veine d'équipes pluridisciplinaires sensibles à la valeur scientifique de ces objets de recherche qui s'avèrent être de précieux témoins de la construction identitaire d'une nation. / Beyond the social cachet associated with eating locally, positive references to a food's place of origin provide a guarantee of superior flavour. At the same time, "fine dining" restaurants are much more likely to include geographic information in the name of a dish. In the context of this study, fine dining is characterized in terms of "an aesthetic approach to preparing and consuming food that shifts the focus from nutritional imperatives to the pursuit of pleasure" (Poulain, 2002). Such a "shift" involves awakening the senses with meals prepared by professional chefs trained in haute cuisine (Revel, 1979). Taking a didactic approach, this thesis documents an exploratory research study based on the analysis of fine dining offerings at the Château Frontenac in Quebec City between 1933 and 1960. Drawing on a substantial corpus of some 60 daily and banquet menus developed by this fine dining venue housed in an architectural landmark, the results show how both the context and the status of the Château Frontenac shaped menu choices. Furthermore, menus were worded in such a way as to align a dish's unique characteristics with the distinctiveness of both the restaurant and its emblematic location. Research data were processed according to the content analysis methodology developed by Bardin (2013). The study's originality lies in a three-stage process that, by referencing culinary literature, successively identified examples of classic cuisine (Stage I), dishes associated with historical and cultural contexts (Stage II), and dishes directly relevant to the study's research area (Stage III). Data processing and interpretation revealed how the gastronomic menu represents one component of the "gourmet theatre". This served as the basis for proposals to enrich existing theoretical and contextual frameworks, and ultimately for an interpretative framework capable of not only structuring the components of the fine dining experience, but also raising points for reflection on theories of social representation. This outcome prompts a call for the professional archiving of such menus and associated documents, so they can remain accessible to interdisciplinary research teams capable of appreciating their scientific value as sources that bear witness to the construction of a nation's identity.

This paper concentrates on the political, economic, and military policies of New France (French Canada) towards the Indian tribes inhabiting and bordering New France during the period 1672-1701. It was a period of intensive exploration coupled with the fur trade, principally beaver, both of which activities spurred France to compel its “province” of New France to make alliances with the Indians and to block penetration of the French-claimed area by the English colonists to the south (New York and New England) and to the north (Hudson’s Bay area). Any research must be concerned with many interacting and conflicting factors: the policies of the French and English monarchs combined with the personalities and interests of the governors and officials in their colonies. The involvement of merchants and coureurs de bois often conflicted with the civil authorities, the various Catholic orders (Often in conflict with each other), and with the English colonies. In the midst of these conflicts were the Indian tribes with their shifting interests and alliances among themselves and the European traders and missionaries intruding into their territories. The research had several problems that seemed almost insurmountable. The first was the anti-Indian bias exhibited by nearly all writers. Added to this difficulty was the fact of scholars taking sides according to their nationality, American, English, or French. With the exception of The Fur Trade in Canada by Harold Innis, originally published in 1930, there was not a good general account of the French fur trade. There seemed to be misleading information, even inaccuracies, in the location of French forts in modern maps of this period. The sequence of events had to be ferreted out and combined in a cohesive manner from many sources. The first term of Governor Frontenac (1672-82) had conflicting and fragmentary records, while most of his second term was adequately researched; however, there was not a single adequate account of King William’s War during Frontenac’s second term of office. The missionaries left adequate records (i.e., the Jesuits), but they looked upon the Indians solely for conversion to their form of Roman Catholicism and, at the same time, blackened the Iroquois (New France’s main Indian enemy) and the “illegal” coureurs de bois (French traders to the Indians). The latter opened vast areas of beaver trade territory with “new” Indian customers and, because of high monopoly prices, would trade with New France’s main trade enemy, the town of Albany in “English” New York. The major consensuses by historians are that Governor La Barre (1682-85) was incompetent and that Louis XIV neglected New France from 1674 to 1689. Information was obtained from the university libraries of Reed College and Portland State University, at the Multnomah County Library, and at the Oregon Historical Society Library. The last is valuable for primary sources and for scholarly articles concerning this period. The outcome of this research shows that the French expansion into the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley regions changed the Indians’ lives during this period. The hostile Iroquois were neutralized from warfare against New France in case England and France went to war again, as the Indians’ culture became completely dependent on trade goods in a little over one generation. The horse-riding Sioux armed with guns nearly exterminated the Miamis, while the Fox and Mascoutin tribes defected from the French shortly after this period was concluded. Higher prices in trade goods that increased dependence, the increases in tribal warfare among tribes, and their loss of initiative and manual skills all deprived the Indians of real power.

L’icône touristique est le symbole qui identifie un territoire. Elle est cette « chose à voir » que les touristes viennent visiter et photographier. Elle se caractérise par des éléments d’authenticité et des perceptions mentales utilisés comme symboles universellement reconnus qui évoquent une image positive chez les touristes et les résidents. Ces derniers peuvent être fiers d’habiter proche de l’icône ou se sentir dépossédés à cause des touristes qui la fréquentent et qui ont le temps et l’argent pour en profiter. Alors que les icônes touristiques sont largement utilisées pour faire la promotion des villes et des régions, et que la recherche d’authenticité par les touristes est davantage soulignée, on peut s’interroger sur la perception de cette icône auprès des résidents. Cette recherche vise donc à remplir un vide théorique sur l’attachement des résidents à une icône touristique et l’étude empirique de ces concepts porte sur l’attachement des résidents de la Ville de Québec pour le Château Frontenac. Une approche quantitative par questionnaire électronique auto-administré (471 répondants) a été privilégiée en demandant en préambule au participant d’évaluer lui-même son degré d’attachement sur une échelle virtuelle analogique (ÉVA). En analysant ensuite ses réponses dans différents thèmes (expériences vécues, perceptions, connaissances et interactions), des facteurs expliqueraient pourquoi et dans quelle mesure il peut se sentir attaché à cette icône, à la condition qu’elle soit, à ses yeux , une icône culturelle.