This study explored the available adfreeze data published in literature and the techniques used to obtain it. Two methods were selected and modified to complete series of adfreeze bond test. A model pile pull-out method consisting of pulling a pile out a large specimen of soil was the first method used. The second method was modified from an interface shearing apparatus developed by Dr. Fakharian and Dr. Evgin at the University of Ottawa in 1996 and allowed preparing, freezing and testing the specimen in place. The material and soil tested for this study were provided by EXP Services Inc. The model pile, a galvanized HSS 114.3 x 8.6 section, is commonly used to install solar panels. Soil was taken from a future solar farm site in proximity to Cornwall, Ontario. The study had for objective to develop a low cost adfreeze laboratory testing method. Limitations of the technics and apparatus used were observed. While the results of a model pile pull-out test compared to previous data publish by Parameswaran (1978), the interface shear series of test presented more limitations. The interface shearing method has been previously study by Ladanyi and Thériault (1990). Issues with the interface shear method due to the water content of the soil as well as the range of normal stress applied to the specimen both during testing and freezing. The data obtained was inconclusive and the method will be studied in future research program. This studied approach the adfreeze testing with new improvement. The main contribution of this study is the data obtained by measuring and observing adfreeze of ice poor sand with varying water content. The measurements allowed to study the effect that increasing water content has on the interface bond strength. The modifications made to interface shear apparatus are also major new contribution provided by this research. The apparatus was converted in a small freezer chamber using insulation panel and vortex tubes. Which was used to freeze the specimen in the testing chamber and testing adfreeze in place without handling the shear box arrangement.

Durch computergestützte Methoden zur Formfindung und Strukturoptimierung können heute Betonstrukturen entwickelt werden, die optimal an ihre jeweilige statische Aufgabe angepasst sind. Mit dem reduzierten Material- und Energieverbrauch der optimierten Struktur geht jedoch zumeist eine Geometrie einher, deren Herstellung material- und arbeitsintensiver Schalungstechniken bedarf. Auch vor dem Hintergrund einer absehbaren Knappheit von für die Bauindustrie wichtigen Materialien hat Werner Sobek schon 1999 mit der Triple-Zero®-Maxime – zero fossil based energy, zero waste, zero emission – gefordert, in Bauprozessen idealerweise nur recycelbare Materialien zu verwenden [1]. Dem steht die Forderung gegenüber, dass eine Schalungstechnik die Formgebung, Konstruktion oder Herstellung von optimierten, insbesondere geometrisch komplexen Bauteilen in keiner Weise einschränken sollte. [Aus: Einführung] / Today, computer-aided methods for form-finding and structural optimization can be used to develop concrete structures that are optimally adapted to their structural requirements. However, the reduced material and energy consumption of the optimized concrete structure usually goes hand in hand with complex geometry whose production usually requires material- and labour-intensive formwork techniques. With a foreseeable scarcity of essential construction materials in mind, Werner Sobek back in 1999 coined the Triple-Zero® concept – zero fossil-based energy, zero emission, zero waste – which demands that only recyclable materials should be used in construction processes [1]. Thus, there is a demand for waste-free formwork technology that simultaneously should in no way restrict the shaping, design or manufacture of optimised, and therefore, geometrically complex components. [Off: Introduction]

Die Potentiale der gefrorenen Sandschalung für den Entwurf und die Herstellung funktional gradierter Betonbauteile (siehe Projekte Sobek et al. und Garrecht et al. des SPP 1542, S. 642 ff . und S. 250 ff .) wurden im Rahmen des Teilprojekts B04: Herstellung biomimetischer und biologisch inspirierter (modularer) Strukturen für die Bauindustrie des Sonderforschungsbereichs/Transregio 141 Biologischer Entwurf und integrative Strukturen – Analyse, Simulation und Umsetzung in der Architektur weiter untersucht. / Potentials of frozen sand formwork technology were further investigated in design and production of functionally graded concrete components (see also the projects Sobek et al. and Garrecht et al. of SPP 1542, pages 642 resp. 250 et seq.) in the subproject B04: Fabrication of biomimetic and biologically inspired (modular) structures for use in the construction industry in the framework of the Collaborative Research Centre/Transregio 141 Biological Design and Integrative Structures – Analysis, Simulation and Implementation in Architecture.

aus dem Inhalt: „Die im Teilprojekt Sobek (siehe S. 626 ff .) entwickelte gefrorene Sandschalung zur abfallfreien Herstellung von Betonbauteilen wurde im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten Konsortiums Carbon Concrete Composite – C3 für die Herstellung dünnwandiger und gekrümmter Sandwichelemente weiterentwickelt. Der vorliegende Kurzbericht fasst die Forschungsergebnisse des Projekts C3Sandwich zusammen. Eine ausführliche Beschreibung der Arbeiten wurde in [1] veröffentlicht....” / from teh content: „Within the framework of the BMBF-funded consortium Carbon Concrete Composite – C3, the research on sand formwork for the waste-free production of concrete components (TP Sobek, p. 626 seq.) was further advanced towards the production of thin-walled and curved sandwich elements. This report summarizes the research results of the project C3Sandwich. A detailed description of the work was published in [1]....”

An extensive amount of natural gas trapped in the subsurface is found as methane hydrate. A fundamental understanding of natural hydrate-bearing sediments is required to engineer production strategies and to assess the risks hydrates pose to global climate change and large-scale seafloor destabilization. This thesis reports fundamental studies on hydrate nucleation, morphology and the evolution of unsaturation during dissociation, followed by additional studies on sampling and pressure core testing. Hydrate nucleation is favored on mineral surfaces and it is often triggered by mechanical vibration. Continued hydrate crystal growth within sediments is governed by capillary and skeletal forces; hence, the characteristic particle size d10 and the sediment burial depth determine hydrate morphologies in natural sediments. In aged hydrate-bearing sand, Ostwald ripening leads to patchy hydrate formation; the stiffness approaches to the lower bound at low hydrate saturation and the upper bound at high hydrate saturation. Hydrate saturation and pore habit alter the pore size variability and interconnectivity, and change the water retention curve in hydrate-bearing sediments. The physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments are determined by the state of stress, porosity, and hydrate saturation. Furthermore, hydrate stability requires sampling, handling, and testing under in situ pressure, temperature, and stress conditions. Therefore, the laboratory characterization of natural hydrate-bearing sediments faces inherent sampling disturbances caused by changes in stress and strain as well as transient pressure and temperature changes that affect hydrate stability. While pressure core technology offers unprecedented opportunities for the study of hydrate-bearing sediments, careful data interpretation must recognize its inherent limitations.