A crescente complexidade do controle dos processos industriais vem exigindo sistemas de controle cada vez mais precisos, confiáveis e versáteis. No sentido de atender a estas exigências, algoritmos diversos de controle e estimação, tais como: técnicas de controle adaptativas, preditivas, estimação paramétrica, filtros de Kalman, observação de estados, etc. têm sido desenvolvidas, simuladas e implementadas com relativa facilidade nos modernos sistemas digitais. Este trabalho propõe uma estratégia de controle em redes Fieldbus usando controle adaptativo por modelo de referência através de variáveis de estado, para resolver sistemas complexos. O algoritmo de controle proposto é composto por um observador de estados trabalhando em conjunto com um esquema de controle adaptativo por modelo de referência. As malhas de controle no Fieldbus consistem em um conjunto de blocos funcionais padrões existentes, conectados aos novos blocos funcionais propostos e desenvolvidos de acordo com as especificações da norma Fieldbus Foundation. Este algoritmo de controle realiza os cálculos de maneira distribuída entre os dispositivos da rede Fieldbus, implicando em várias vantagens, tais como: a) perda do supervisório não implica na perda do algoritmo de controle, b) menor tráfego de dados na rede, c) algoritmo de controle que não depende do tempo de processamento do computador. Os resultados dos testes obtidos são apresentados e demonstraram um alto grau de precisão, destacando-se a estabilidade e aplicabilidade do algoritmo proposto. / The rising complexity of the industrial control processes has been claiming more and more accurate, reliable and versatile control systems. Attempting to satisfy this demand, several control and estimation systems algorithms, such as adaptive and predictive techniques, parametric estimation, Kalman filtering, state observation, have been designed, simulated and implemented with relative easiness in the modern digital systems. This work proposes a new control strategy in Fieldbus networks, using adaptive control techniques through state variables, to solve complex systems. The proposed control algorithm is based on an states observer concurrently working with a reference model adaptive control scheme. The modified Fieldbus network consists of a set of standard function blocks, connected to the proposed new function blocks. These new function blocks comply with the specifications of the Fieldbus Foundation norm. This control algorithm accomplishes its calculation in a distributed way among the fieldbus devices. This operating feature results in some advantages, such as: any failure in the supervisory system does not imply in the loss of the control algorithm, b) a lower data transmission in the network, c) control algorithm that does not depend on the processing time of the computer. The obtained results corroborate with the expected advantages of the proposed algorithm, in terms of high degree of accuracy, stability and applicability.

Zusammenfassung "Prozessgebundene Berechnungs-Baugruppen bieten Konstrukteuren die Möglichkeit, ihre zum Teil mehrstufigen Berechnungen durch den Einsatz modularer Funktionsbausteine ablauforientiert, verbindlich, nachvollziehbar und vor allem zeitsparender zu gestalten. Die Grundlage dieser neuen Methode bilden Ansätze, die sich bereits in der Informationstechnik und in der Konstruktionsmethodik bewährt haben. Vom Anforderungsmanagement bis zur Validierung kann dabei auf eine Bibliothek modularer Berechnungsobjekte in Form von Prozess-Bausteinen zugegriffen werden, deren Schnittstellen und Datenstrukturen ausnahmslos einheitlichen Definitionen entsprechen. Gemeinsam mit der in Anlehnung an den eCl@ss - Standard entwickelten Merkmalsstruktur der Prozess-Bausteine wird so eine hohe Wiederverwendbarkeit in unterschiedlichen Berechnungskonfigurationen erzielt. Ihre Klassifizierung orientiert sich an konstruktionssystematischen Gesichtspunkten. Die Methode wird beispielhaft an Berechnungen für Getriebekomponenten erläutert."

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la validation temporelle ainsi qu'au déploiement d'applications de contrôle industriel à base de composants. La technologie des composants retenue est celle des Blocs Fonctionnels définie dans la norme industrielle IEC 61499. Un Bloc Fonctionnel est défini comme un composant réactif supportant des fonctionnalités d'une application. L'avantage de cette norme, connue dans l'industrie, est la description statique de l'application ainsi que de son support d'exécution. Une première contribution de la thèse est l'interprétation des différents concepts définis dans la norme. Nous précisons, en particulier, la dynamique du composant en vue de décrire un comportement déterministe de l'application. Pour appliquer une validation temporelle exhaustive, nous proposons un modèle de comportement d'un Bloc Fonctionnel à l'aide du formalisme des automates temporisés. D'autre part, nous fournissons une sémantique au concept de réseau de Blocs Fonctionnels pour décrire une application comme une composition de Blocs. Une deuxième contribution de la thèse est le déploiement de tels réseaux sur une architecture distribuée multi-tâches tout en respectant des propriétés sur les temps de réponse de bout en bout. Nous transformons un réseau de Blocs Fonctionnels vers un ensemble de tâches élémentaires dépendantes, appelées actions. Cette transformation permet l'exploitation de résultats d'ordonnancement pour valider la correction temporelle de l'application. Pour déployer les blocs d'une application, nous proposons une approche hybride alliant un ordonnancement statique non-préemptif et un autre ordonnancement en ligne préemptif. L'ordonnancement statique permet la construction des tâches s'exécutant sur chaque calculateur. Ces tâches sont vues comme des séquencements statiques d'actions. Elles sont alors à ordonnancer dynamiquement selon une politique préemptive reposant sur EDF (Earliest Deadline First). Grâce à cette approche, nous réduisons le nombre de commutation de contexte en regroupant les actions au sein des tâches. De plus l'ordonnancement dynamique préemptif augmente la faisabilité du système. Enfin, une dernière contribution est une extension de la deuxième. Nous proposons une approche d'allocation de réseaux de blocs fonctionnels sur un support d'exécution distribué. Cette allocation, basée sur une heuristique de Liste, se repose sur la méthode hybride pour assurer un déploiement faisable de l'application. Le problème d'allocation est de trouver pour chaque bloc fonctionnel le calculateur capable de l'exécuter tout en respectant des contraintes fonctionnelles, temporelles et de support d'exécution. Notons enfin que l'heuristique proposée se base sur une technique de retour-arrière pour augmenter l'espace de solutions. / This thesis deals with the temporal validation and the deployment of component-based industrial control applications. We are interested in the Function Blocks approach, defined in the IEC 61499 standard, as a well known component based technology in the industry. A Function Block is an event triggered component owning data to support the application functionalities. The advantage of this technology is the taking into account of the application and also its execution support. The first thesis contribution deals with the interpretation of the different concepts defined in the standard. In particular, we propose a policy defining a deterministic behavior of a FB. To apply an exhaustive temporal validation of the application, we propose a behavioral model of a Block as Timed Automata. On the other hand, we propose a semantic for the concept of FBs networks to develop industrial control applications. The second thesis contribution deals with the deployment of FBs networks in a distributed multi-tasking architecture. Such deployment has to respect classical End to End Response Time Bounds as temporal constraints. To validate the temporal behavior of an application, we propose an approach transforming its blocks into an actions system with precedence constraints. The purpose is to exploit previous theories on the scheduling of real-time systems. To deploy FBs networks in feasible OS tasks, we propose a Hybrid scheduling approach combining an off-line non-preemptive scheduling and an on-line preemptive one. The off-line scheduling allows to construct OS tasks from FBs, whereas the on-line one allows to schedule these tasks according to the classical EDF policy. A constructed OS task is an actions sequence defining an execution scenario of the application. Thanks to this approach, we reduce the context switching at run-time by merging application actions in OS tasks. In addition, the system feasibility is increased by applying an on-line preemptive policy. Finally, the last thesis contribution is an extension of the previous one. We propose an approach allocating FBs networks in a distributed architecture. Based on a heuristic, such approach uses the hybrid method to construct feasible OS tasks in calculators. The allocation problem of a particular application FB is to look for a corresponding calculator while respecting functional, temporal and execution support constraints. We note that the proposed heuristic is based on a back-tracking technic to increase the solutions space.

The presented dissertation thesis is focused on the optimization of filtering circuit synthesis. In the five main sections of this work, the author analyzes partial problems related to several areas within the synthesis of modern filtering circuits. The first chapter constitutes an examination of elementary aspects which characterize present-day integrated circuits in voltage feedback operational amplifiers, and this main content is further complemented with a view on possible application of these circuits for the designing of filtering circuits as proposed within subsequent parts of the thesis. In this context, the second chapter contains a description of the design and optimization of digitally controlled universal filters tunable by means of digital potentiometers originally produced for audio technology. These digitally controlled circuits are increasingly utilized as analog preprocessing blocks in digital signal processing systems. The most extensive portion of the dissertation is dedicated to a complex analysis of individual configurations of economical, purposely lossy active function blocks and modern voltage operational amplifiers. This part of the thesis aims at providing a detailed insight into the characteristics of individual configurations of examined circuits; furthermore, in this respect, the author proposes a comparison of various application possibilities relating to these circuits and their wider use in the field of active frequency filters optimization. The described section of the work also includes a definition and examples of application of the designed and realized program, which facilitates significant simplification of purposely lossy ARC filters. In the penultimate part of the dissertation thesis, the design, development, and verification of a suitable synthesis procedure are presented together with the optimization of data and (in particular) power models of EMC filters. Based on the verification of characteristics inherent with the designed models of EMC filters, the suggested measuring procedure related to these filters is described, including the design of a station for measuring elementary parameters of line anti-interference devices up to very high frequencies. In the last section of the thesis, the author discusses the procedure of air ions concentration measurement through an aspiration condenser and analyzes the systematic and random errors as well as the optimization of filtration characteristics of the applied measurement method. This part includes the description of the design and characteristics of the realized fully automated measurement system with an aspiration condenser.