Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo bioprocesso para a síntese de lactosacarose, um candidato a prebiótico. A lactosacarose foi produzida por transgalactosilação, catalisada pela β-galactosidase de Bacillus circulans imobilizada em macroesfera de quitosana, utilizando a lactose e a sacarose como substratos. No processo de imobilização, os resultados indicam que a melhor razão entre a concentração de enzima e de suporte foi de 200 mg.g-1. A estabilidade térmica da enzima imobilizada foi determinada e comparada com a estabilidade térmica da enzima livre em temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70 °C e para esta última foi verificada a estabilidade na presença e ausência de substrato. A imobilização aumentou de 10 a 260 vezes a estabilidade térmica da enzima, sendo este efeito inversamente relacionado com a temperatura. A otimização das condições de produção indica, para a β-galactosidase imobilizada e livre, que a melhor condição de produção de lactosacarose e de oligossacarídeos totais, ocorre na temperatura de 30 °C e pH 7,0. Nesta condição, após 24 h, foi alcançada a produção de 79 g.L-1 de lactosacarose, 35 g.L-1 de galacto-oligossacarídeos (GOS) e 260 g.L-1 de oligossacarídeos totais. O processo de imobilização possibilitou a reutilização da enzima imobilizada por 30 ciclos, mantendo aproximadamente 95% da concentração inicial de lactosacarose, GOS e oligossacarídeos totais produzidos inicialmente. Portanto, o bioprocesso de imobilização de β-galactosidase de Bacillus circulans em macroesfera de quitosana pode ser considerado um potencial catalisador para produção industrial de lactosacarose. / This work developed a new process for the synthesis of lactosucrose, a candidate for prebiotic. The lactosucrose was produced by transgalactosylation that was catalyzed by a Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase immobilized on macrospheres of chitosan using lactose and sucrose as substrates. In the process of immobilization, the results indicate that the best ratio of the concentration of enzyme and carrier was 200 mg.g-1. The thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme was determined and compared with the thermal stability of the free enzyme at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 °C and for the latter was verified stability in the presence and absence of substrate. The immobilization increased (10-260 times) the thermal stability of the enzyme, which is inversely related to the temperature. The results of the experiment optimization of lactosucrose production conditions indicate point out that, for free and immobilized β-galactosidase, the best condition lactosucrose production and total oligosaccharides occurs at a temperature of 30 °C and pH 7.0. In this condition, after 24 h, producing 79 g.L-1 lactosucrose was reached, 35 g.L-1 galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and 260 g.L-1 of total oligosaccharides. The immobilization process enabled the reuse of immobilized enzyme for 30 cycles, maintaining approximately 95% of the initial concentration of lactosucrose, GOS and total oligosaccharides produced initially. Therefore, the bioprocess of β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans immobilization on macrospheres of chitosan can be considered a potential catalyst for industrial.

La micro et la nanotechnologie a créé un bouleversement dans beaucoup de domaine tel que l’industrie ou la recherche. Pour la recherche, les enjeux économiques (quantité) et écologiques (déchets, risques chimiques) vont directement dans le sens de cette miniaturisation pour l’obtention de procédé sûr, propre et moins couteux. Cette thèse présente la mise en place d’un nouveau procédé de conception de BioMEMS assistée par plasma froid. L’objectif est le développement d’un microdispositif à partir d’un matériau non toxique, le Tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO), grâce à une technologie de dépôt de couche mince assisté par plasma, et intégrant une enzyme, pour la réalisation de réaction catalytique. Pour cela, un protocole d’immobilisation et d’intégration de l’enzyme, la β-galactosidase, a été développé afin de vérifier la capacité du TMDSO à retenir les enzymes et conserver sa fonction biologique. Ensuite, une évaluation de l’activité catalytique de l’enzyme immobilisée a été entreprise par la réalisation de réaction à l’échelle millifluidique, validant l’immobilisation ainsi que la biocompatibilité du ppTMDSO. Ensuite, un microréacteur à enzyme immobilisée a été réalisé, afin d’évaluer l’influence du passage à l’échelle microfluidique et de comprendre les phénomènes liés à la diffusion et la réaction des espèces au sein du dispositif. Enfin, la conception d’un microcanal en ppTMDSO et intégrant l’enzyme, a été réalisée afin de d’étudier la faisabilité d’une méthodologie « bio-integrante » pour la création d’un BioMEMS. L’utilisation d’une méthodologie bio-integrante peut être considérée comme une alternative prometteuse pour le développement de nouveaux outils de recherches. / The micro and nanotechnology has created an upheaval in many field such as industry or research. For research, economic issues (quantity) and ecological (waste, chemical hazards) go straight in the direction of this miniaturization process for obtaining safe, clean and less expensive. This thesis presents the development of a new BioMEMS design process assisted by cold plasma. The objective is to develop a micro-device from a non-toxic material, tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO), through a plasma enhanced thin film deposition technology, and incorporating an enzyme, for carrying out catalytic reaction. For this, an immobilizer protocol and integration of the enzyme, β-galactosidase, was developed to verify TMDSO's ability to retain enzymes and retain its biological function. Then, an evaluation of the catalytic activity of the immobilized enzyme was carried out by carrying out the reaction millifluidic scale, validating the asset and the biocompatibility of ppTMDSO. Then, an immobilized enzyme microreactor was conducted to assess the influence of the transition to the microfluidic scale and understand the phenomena related to the diffusion and reaction of the species within the device. Finally, the design of a microchannel ppTMDSO and incorporating the enzyme, was conducted to study the feasibility of a "bio-integral 'methodology for establishing a BioMEMS. The use of a bio-integral method may be regarded as a promising alternative for the development of new research tools.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-249).

Thesis (M.S.)--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-75).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1980. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-104).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1980. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-35).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-181).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo bioprocesso para a síntese de lactosacarose, um candidato a prebiótico. A lactosacarose foi produzida por transgalactosilação, catalisada pela β-galactosidase de Bacillus circulans imobilizada em macroesfera de quitosana, utilizando a lactose e a sacarose como substratos. No processo de imobilização, os resultados indicam que a melhor razão entre a concentração de enzima e de suporte foi de 200 mg.g-1. A estabilidade térmica da enzima imobilizada foi determinada e comparada com a estabilidade térmica da enzima livre em temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70 °C e para esta última foi verificada a estabilidade na presença e ausência de substrato. A imobilização aumentou de 10 a 260 vezes a estabilidade térmica da enzima, sendo este efeito inversamente relacionado com a temperatura. A otimização das condições de produção indica, para a β-galactosidase imobilizada e livre, que a melhor condição de produção de lactosacarose e de oligossacarídeos totais, ocorre na temperatura de 30 °C e pH 7,0. Nesta condição, após 24 h, foi alcançada a produção de 79 g.L-1 de lactosacarose, 35 g.L-1 de galacto-oligossacarídeos (GOS) e 260 g.L-1 de oligossacarídeos totais. O processo de imobilização possibilitou a reutilização da enzima imobilizada por 30 ciclos, mantendo aproximadamente 95% da concentração inicial de lactosacarose, GOS e oligossacarídeos totais produzidos inicialmente. Portanto, o bioprocesso de imobilização de β-galactosidase de Bacillus circulans em macroesfera de quitosana pode ser considerado um potencial catalisador para produção industrial de lactosacarose. / This work developed a new process for the synthesis of lactosucrose, a candidate for prebiotic. The lactosucrose was produced by transgalactosylation that was catalyzed by a Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase immobilized on macrospheres of chitosan using lactose and sucrose as substrates. In the process of immobilization, the results indicate that the best ratio of the concentration of enzyme and carrier was 200 mg.g-1. The thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme was determined and compared with the thermal stability of the free enzyme at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 °C and for the latter was verified stability in the presence and absence of substrate. The immobilization increased (10-260 times) the thermal stability of the enzyme, which is inversely related to the temperature. The results of the experiment optimization of lactosucrose production conditions indicate point out that, for free and immobilized β-galactosidase, the best condition lactosucrose production and total oligosaccharides occurs at a temperature of 30 °C and pH 7.0. In this condition, after 24 h, producing 79 g.L-1 lactosucrose was reached, 35 g.L-1 galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and 260 g.L-1 of total oligosaccharides. The immobilization process enabled the reuse of immobilized enzyme for 30 cycles, maintaining approximately 95% of the initial concentration of lactosucrose, GOS and total oligosaccharides produced initially. Therefore, the bioprocess of β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans immobilization on macrospheres of chitosan can be considered a potential catalyst for industrial.