Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Educators frequently neglect efforts to evaluate the affective components of instructional programs even though most agree that the affective domain is as important, or even more important, than the cognitive domain in learning. Measurement of cognitive attainment is easily accomplished, however, measurement of students' feelings, attitudes, concerns and values is difficult to accomplish.The purpose of the present research was to measure galvanic skin response (GSR) reactions of students to multi-media programs which were created to effect attitude change toward biological concepts in nonscience majors, and to thereby identify learning strategies or combinations of strategies that produce emotional and physiological reactions.The electronic response (ER) system of the Department of Biology at Ball State University was utilized in conducting the study. The effectiveness of producing emotional arousal by the strategies involved in nine ER programs was sampled by using the galvanic skin response (GSR) to measure the change in electrical skin conductance. The population tested for each ER program consisted of 30 subjects. An approximately equal number of males and females and an approximately equal number of morning, mid-day and afternoon sessions were sampled.In the treatment of data, the maximum GSR resistance, following specific ER program events, was calculated using a latency of approximately three seconds. Resistance per unit area of electrode plate surface was calculated in ohms/mm2 and converted to conductance (mhos/mm2). To establish a basis for comparing the emotional and attitudinal impact of each electronic response program, the maximum conductance for each event and information components of each event sequence was averaged for the 30 subjects.A dependent t-test for paired observations was utilized to determine the significant conductance change of corresponding components of the initial and final event sequences in each ER program. In those situations which were significant at the .05 probability level, farther comparisons were made between corresponding components of the initial and middle and middle and final event sequences. The t-test was also utilized to determine the significance of mean changes in conductance between selected information and question and question and answer slides within event sequences which produced a greater or lower conductance than previous event sequences, and those in which little variance or observable differences among components occurred.The principal conclusion drawn from the study is that the electronic response programs provide an effective mechanism for increasing emotional arousal, increasing involvement, and creating attitude change. All of the nine electronic response programs produced a gradual rise in average conductance from the beginning to the end of each program.Extremes in GSR reactions occurred in response to different types and combinations of narrative, pictorial presentations and musicalselections. Situations which created a mood or conveyed a feeling, possessed emotionally toned narrative or slides, or required a value stance or judgment produced the greatest GSR reactions. Calming, quiet, and relaxing music, unmoving slides, unemotional narration, questions lacking challenge or treating non-controversial subject matter, produced the smallest GSR reactions.The present study supports the contention that multiple stimuli, which increase the number of senses incorporated in the learning process and the interaction (response-reinforcement) of the learner, produce a greater emotional reaction than stimuli in one sense modality.The author considers that emotional responses involved and related with affective learning are as important, or more important, than cognitive attainment. Further investigations of the relationship between multimedia components and emotional arousal need to be carried out to ascertain the appropriate blending or combinations of stimuli which provide the best or most effective learning situations. Data obtained through research in the cognitive and affective aspects of instructional designs should also be correlated to determine how the most effective learning strategies can be developed.

No description available.

Thesis--University of Houston, 1965. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Thesis--University of Houston, 1965.

Mathematical models have been used to study the effects of various electrical stimuli on nerve. The applicability of the findings to electrocutaneous stimulation in man has been investigated experimentally. With the model of a nerve membrane the influence of variations in the stimulus parameters have been investigated. This was done for multiple bipolar pulses by considering selected cases and for single bipolar pulses with a systematic investigation. The main findings were i) that the threshold charge for a single bipolar pulses changes only slightly for different pulsewidths; ii) that the threshold charge monotonically decreases with pulsewidth and threshold charge also decreases monotonically with increasing delay of the symmetric negative pulse; iii) that threshold amplitude for multiple bipolar pulses was only slightly lower than the amplitude for a single bipolar pulse. The influence of different components involved in cutaneous stimulation, such as skin, electrode, and neuroanatomy, have been examined. Corresponding models for the passive components involved were selected. From these models the following limiting conditions for the stimulus were derived: i) the stimulus has to be current regulated; ii) it must be bipolar (no net charge transfer); and iii) the electrode voltage must remain below the skin break-down voltage. The aspect of the conversion of stimulus' energy into heat in the skin has been examined in detail. A review of mathematical models of the active nerve membrane is presented and the applicability of a nerve model to the stimulation of peripheral nerve fibres in man is discussed. Numerical methods were used to solve the model's differential equations. The effects on the solution of different integration methods and of different integration step sizes has been assessed. Experiments with electrocutaneous stimulation have been performed using single bipolar current stimuli. The duration of a pulse was less than 100 microseconds. For the experiments, an electrically isolated stimulator has been designed and built. It operated under the control of a PDP-12 computer. The sensations produced were slightly suprathreshold and painless. The thenar region of the hand was stimulated using a concentric electrode. The results of the experiments supported the theoretical predictions and indicated the possibility of using models to investigate the optimization of stimulus parameters within the range tested. The close correspondence between the experimental results and the nerve model calculations seems to provide some evidence for the hypothesis that in electrocutaneous stimulation the nerve fibres are stimulated directly. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

As stagnant water contacts copper pipe and lead solder (simulated soldered joints), a corrosion cell is formed between the metals in solder (Pb, Sn) and copper. If the resulting galvanic current exceeds about 2 µA/cm², a highly corrosive microenvironment can form at the solder surface, with pH <2.5 and chloride concentrations 11 times higher than bulk water levels. Waters with relatively high chloride tend to sustain high galvanic currents, preventing passivation of the solder surface and contributing to lead contamination of potable water. If the concentration of sulfate increased relative to chloride, galvanic currents and associated lead contamination could be greatly reduced, and solder surfaces were readily passivated. Mechanistically, at the relatively high concentrations of lead and low pH values that might be present at lead surfaces, sulfate forms precipitates while chloride forms soluble complexes with lead. Considering net transport of anions in water, a chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) above 0.77 results in more chloride than sulfate transported to the lead anode surface, whereas the converse occurs below this CSMR. Bicarbonate can compete with chloride transport and buffer the pH, providing benefits to lead corrosion. Although orthophosphate is often an effective corrosion inhibitor, tests revealed cases in which orthophosphate increased lead and tin release from simulated soldered joints in potable water. Phosphate tended to increase the current between lead-tin and copper when the water contained less than 10 mg/L SO₄²⁻ or the percentage of the anodic current carried by SO₄²- ions was less than 30%. Additionally, nitrate in the potable water range of 0-10 mg/L N dramatically increased lead leaching from simulated soldered pipe joints. Chloramine decay and the associated conversion of ammonia to nitrate during nitrification could create much higher lead contamination of potable water from solder in some cases. In practical bench-scale studies with water utilities, the CSMR was affected by the coagulant chemical, blending of desalinated seawater, anion exchange, and sodium chloride brine leaks from on-site hypochlorite generators. Consistent with prior experiences, increasing the CSMR in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 produced dramatic increases in lead leaching from lead-tin solder connected to copper. / Ph. D.

No description available.