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Os sistemas elétricos de potência estão sujeitos a diversos tipos de sobretensões que podem causar desligamentos ou avarias nos equipamentos elétricos que o compõe, comprometendo a continuidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores e impactando negativamente nos índices de qualidade. Um dos dispositivos mais importantes utilizados na proteção destes equipamentos são os pára-raios, os quais podem ser classificados, no sistema elétrico brasileiro, em função de sua tecnologia: a primeira, mais antiga, utiliza carboneto de silício (SiC), a segunda e mais atual utiliza óxido de zinco (ZnO) em seus elementos internos. Os primeiros estão instalados há muitos anos, até mesmo acima de sua vida útil, sendo assim, podem apresentar falhas em campo durante a sua operação. Os pára-raios de SiC estão sendo gradativamente substituídos pelos de ZnO, pois seria economicamente inviável a sua substituição imediata. Por conseguinte, torna-se imprescindível o desenvolvimento de metodologias para avaliação do seu estado de degradação, a fim de evitar-se que estes equipamentos falhem no campo. A medição da corrente de fuga, analisando-se a sua componente de terceira harmônica, mostrou que podem obtidas informações importantes a respeito dos pára-raios de SiC, fornecendo subsídios para a elaboração de um programa de manutenção que priorize a retirada daqueles mais degradados. / Power systems are subject to many types of overvoltages that may provoke interruptions or damage in electrical equipments, compromising the continuity of electrical energy supply to consumers and impacting negatively the power quality indices. One of the most important device used to protect the electric equipments are the surge arresters, which may be classified, in Brazilian power system, by its technology: the first, more antiquated, using gapped silicon-carbide (SiC) surge arrester, and secondly and newer, zinc-oxide (ZnO) surge arrester. The devices of the first type are installed for many years, even above their lifetime, presenting, in such cases, failures in site while operating. The gapped silicon-carbide surge arresters have been substituted gradually by zinc-oxide surge arresters, because it would be economically impracticable to replace them immediately. Therefore, the development of methodologies to evaluate their degradations condition is necessary, in order to avoid the failure of these equipments in site. Measurements of leakage current with third order harmonic analysis showed that important information regarding gapped silicon carbide surge arresters may be obtained, providing subsidies to elaborate a program of maintenance that prioritize the replacement of the most degraded ones.

Os sistemas elétricos de potência estão sujeitos a diversos tipos de sobretensões que podem causar desligamentos ou avarias nos equipamentos elétricos que o compõe, comprometendo a continuidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores e impactando negativamente nos índices de qualidade. Um dos dispositivos mais importantes utilizados na proteção destes equipamentos são os pára-raios, os quais podem ser classificados, no sistema elétrico brasileiro, em função de sua tecnologia: a primeira, mais antiga, utiliza carboneto de silício (SiC), a segunda e mais atual utiliza óxido de zinco (ZnO) em seus elementos internos. Os primeiros estão instalados há muitos anos, até mesmo acima de sua vida útil, sendo assim, podem apresentar falhas em campo durante a sua operação. Os pára-raios de SiC estão sendo gradativamente substituídos pelos de ZnO, pois seria economicamente inviável a sua substituição imediata. Por conseguinte, torna-se imprescindível o desenvolvimento de metodologias para avaliação do seu estado de degradação, a fim de evitar-se que estes equipamentos falhem no campo. A medição da corrente de fuga, analisando-se a sua componente de terceira harmônica, mostrou que podem obtidas informações importantes a respeito dos pára-raios de SiC, fornecendo subsídios para a elaboração de um programa de manutenção que priorize a retirada daqueles mais degradados. / Power systems are subject to many types of overvoltages that may provoke interruptions or damage in electrical equipments, compromising the continuity of electrical energy supply to consumers and impacting negatively the power quality indices. One of the most important device used to protect the electric equipments are the surge arresters, which may be classified, in Brazilian power system, by its technology: the first, more antiquated, using gapped silicon-carbide (SiC) surge arrester, and secondly and newer, zinc-oxide (ZnO) surge arrester. The devices of the first type are installed for many years, even above their lifetime, presenting, in such cases, failures in site while operating. The gapped silicon-carbide surge arresters have been substituted gradually by zinc-oxide surge arresters, because it would be economically impracticable to replace them immediately. Therefore, the development of methodologies to evaluate their degradations condition is necessary, in order to avoid the failure of these equipments in site. Measurements of leakage current with third order harmonic analysis showed that important information regarding gapped silicon carbide surge arresters may be obtained, providing subsidies to elaborate a program of maintenance that prioritize the replacement of the most degraded ones.

<p dir="ltr">The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe how multi-cloud and cloud-based air gapped system security breaches occurred, how organizations responded, the kinds of data that were breached, and what security measures were implemented after the breach to prevent and repel future attacks. Qualitative research methods and secondary survey data were combined to answer the research questions. Due to the limited information available on successful unauthorized breaches to multi-cloud and cloud-based air gapped systems and corresponding data, the study was focused on the discovery of variables from several trustworthily sources of secondary data, including breach reports, press releases, public interviews, and news articles from the last five years and qualitative survey data. The sample included highly trained cloud professionals with air-gapped cloud experience from Amazon Web Services, Microsoft, Google and Oracle. The study utilized unstructured interviews with open-ended questions and observations to record and document data and analyze results.</p><p dir="ltr">By describing instances of multi-cloud and cloud-based air gapped system breaches in the last five years this study could add to the body of literature related to best practices for securing cloud-based data, preventing data breach on such systems, and for recovering from breach once it has occurred. This study would have significance to companies aiming to protect secure data from cyber attackers. It would also be significant to individuals who have provided their confidential data to companies who utilize such systems. In the primary data, 12 themes emerged. The themes were Air Gap Weaknesses Same as Other Systems, Misconfiguration of Cloud Settings, Insider Threat as Attack Vector, Phishing as Attack Vector, Software as Attack Vector, and Physical Media as Attack Vector, Lack of Reaction to Breaches, Better Authentication to Prevent Breaches, Communications, and Training in Response to Breach, Specific Responses to Specific Problems, Greater Separation of Risk from User End, and Greater Separation of Risk from Service End. For secondary data, AWS had four themes, Microsoft Azure had two, and both Google Cloud and Oracle had three.</p>