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Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / The management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) has become a challenging task in tomato (Solanum lycorpesicum) production, due to the withdrawal of effective chemical nematicides. Currently, crude extracts of different plant species are being researched as alternative to chemical nematicides, with promising results. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of crude extracts of wild garlic (Tulbaghia violacea) on the growth of tomato under greenhouse conditions, and the suppression of M. incognita race 2 population densities. Treatments consisted of four levels of crude extracts viz. 0, 2, 4 and 8 g per pot, were arranged in a randomised complete block design with 10 replicates. Seedlings were inoculated with 1000 juveniles of M. incognita race 2 at transplanting and treated with crude extracts two days later. At 56 days, the crude extract of T. violacea increased plant height, stem diameter, number of cluster, flowers, fruits and leaves by 43-73%, 108-200%, 57-81%, 55-110%, 170-223% and 51-66%, respectively. It also increased the root mass and shoot mass by 95% and 96%, respectively. Crude extracts of T. violacea did not have any effect on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Crude extracts of T. violacea consistently reduced population densities of M. incognita race 2 by 50, 64 and 73% in roots at 2, 4 and 8 g crude extracts, respectively and by 21, 30 and 58% in soil at similar levels, respectively. In conclusion, crude extracts of T. violacea have the potential to improve growth of tomato plants and suppress population densities of M. incognita race 2 and could be used as botanical nematicide in tomato production.

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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Homeopathy, Technikon Natal, 2001. / The purpose of this study was to test the relative effectiveness of extract, 3X and 8X homeopathic garlic (Allium sativum) dilutions on Candida albicans and nosocomial multidrug- resistant strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Eschericia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in terms of bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects in order to validate the clinical use of garlic in patients infected by these organisms. The test organisms were provided by the Department of Microbiology at the University of Stellenbosch Medical School. A 1:2 aqueous extract was prepared from fresh garlic bulbs. From the extract the 3X and 8X dilutions were made in distilled water according to the method of the German Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. In the experimental group, these three garlic preparations and standardised solutions of each of the five test organisms were serially added, in equal quantities, to nine samples of nutrient broth, incubated and optically evaluated for turbidity against McFarlane standards. Samples showing garlic activity were plated out, incubated and the Colony Forming Units (CFU's) counted. Similarly, in the control group, solutions of each of the five test organisms were added to nine samples of nutrient broth, incubated and optically evaluated for turbidity against McFarlane standards. The CFUs of the experimental and control groups were statistically compared by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test. III Those strains against which garlic exhibited a bactericidal effect (kill = >99,9%), were subjected to a timelkill experiment to determine the time required for the garlic to kill thew / M

An ongoing goal in forest ecology is to understand how animal populations and invasive plants affect forest communities. Reduced numbers of native tree saplings in urban forests have driven concerns that overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations and invasive plants are both suppressing the size and survival of native tree seedlings. Previous work has focused on the individual effects of either deer or invasive plants, but few studies have examined the combined effects of these two stressors. In this study, I examined the effects of white-tailed deer and garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) on transplanted seedlings of three native tree species: northern red oak (Quercus rubra), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). To test for their individual and combined effects on seedlings, I designed a factorial experiment where I manipulated the level of deer presence with exclosures and the level of garlic mustard presence by weeding. To measure the impacts on seedlings, I scored browse damage, tracked survival, and measured multiple size traits for each study species. I found that deer presence reduced seedling size but did not affect mortality within the short duration of the study. In addition, seedlings were not affected by garlic mustard removal, nor did the effects of deer depend on garlic mustard presence. While all species were impacted by deer, seedling browsing patterns varied among tree species. Moreover, I found that browsing by deer is changing the species composition within McMaster Forest to favour browse tolerant tree species. These results have implications for management strategies in forests with high deer densities which should prioritize controlling the deer population in addition to invasive plants and should be tailored to conserve the most sensitive species. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Reduced numbers of native tree saplings in urban forests have driven concerns that overabundant white-tailed deer populations and invasive plants are both suppressing the size and survival of native tree seedlings. In this study, I examined the effects of white-tailed deer and garlic mustard on transplanted seedlings of three native tree species: northern red oak, black cherry, and eastern hemlock. I found that deer browsing reduced seedling size but did not reduce survival. I found that browsing by deer is changing the species composition within McMaster Forest to favour browse tolerant tree species. Seedlings were not affected by garlic mustard removal, nor did the effects of deer depend on garlic mustard presence. These results have implications for management strategies in forests with high deer densities which should prioritize controlling the deer population in addition to invasive plants and should be tailored to conserve the most sensitive species.

Hypertension is a common chronic health problem worldwide due to contributing factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and changes in lifestyle. The standard of care for hypertension in South Africa is prescription medication, as well as a stepwise programme; this treatment approach is for the treatment of hypertension according to severity using diuretics, beta-blockers, vasodilators in a stepwise progressive manner. In South Africa, traditional herbal medicines have been used to treat many ailments especially hypertension. Garlic and African olive has been reported as herbal medicines that have anti-hypertensive properties and may be used to control hypertension, either individually or in combination.The objective of this study is to 1) prevalence of these traditional herbal medicines will be investigated and 2) determine the prevalence of garlic and/ or African olive use among hypertensive patients lieu of/or in combination with prescription medication.The study design was cross-sectional, comprising of two phases. Phase one was the administration of questionnaires concerning the participants’ demographics, medical/clinical history, chronic illness and traditional herbal treatment. One hundred and eighty participants from Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological study (PURE) cohort were administered questionnaires. Of the 180 participants, 139 indicated that they are hypertensive, 30 hypertensive participants were selected to participate in the in-depth interviews. Phase two was divided into two parts which were detailed interviews including in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion. The focus group discussion was conducted with a convenience sample of 10 hypertensive patients who were available on the day of data collection. The questionnaire data was analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the interviews and focus group discussion was analysed using thematic content analysis.The results show that the participants with hypertension who are on prescription medication are also using traditional herbs, garlic and African olive as part of a dualistic health care treatment for their hypertension. The use of garlic is more prevalent than the use of African olive, as African olive was not well known among the participants.The results will facilitate in the acknowledgment of traditional herbal medicine use for hypertension, as either a home remedy for (other) chronic conditions or treatment in combination with prescription medication. It also highlights the necessity to educate participants and healthcare providers in the use of traditional herbal medicine. Furthermore, healthcare workers needs to be trained about THM and should also be obligated to ask about traditional herbal medicine among their patients. / >Magister Scientiae - MSc

The mechanisms that allow invasive species to flourish in novel habitats are poorly understood. A. petiolata (Alliaria petiolata) is an invader of North American forest edge and understory communities. A. petiolata’s success may result from high competitive ability due to its suppression of mycorrhizal fungi used by other species. In a greenhouse experiment, I grew 27 target species in the presence and absence of A.petiolata in soil with and without a history of A. petiolata. I found that soil with a history of A. petiolata had depleted plant available nitrogen and reduced mycorrhizal fungal colonization of target species. A. petiolata competition suppressed the growth of target species less in soils with than without A. petiolata history. Furthermore, I found that tall plants with finer roots more effectively suppressed the growth of A. petiolata. My results suggest that soil feedback effects do not improve A. petiolata’s competitive ability and are unlikely to contribute to A. petiolata invasion.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 98 p. : ill., map. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. in Soil Science)--Washington State University. / Includes bibliographical references.