The reliance of oil-exporting developing countries on oil-revenues has certain implications for both their domestic economic structures and foreign trade relations. / The purposes of this research were to study and analyze: (1) the extent of the dependence of oil-exporting developing countries on the exportation of a single exhaustible resource, (2) the impact of this dependence on domestic economic structures, and (3) the nature of the multifaceted links that were developed between oil-producers, as the exporters of a raw material, and developed countries, as the exporters of manufactured goods and advanced technology (To show whether 'dependency' relations have developed). / After the review of literature, several hypotheses were advanced for the purpose of examining the above issues. / The data, covering basically 1973-80 period and concentrating on members of OPEC, were obtained from the secondary sources. / Based on a critical analysis of data the following conclusions were drawn: (a) The characteristics of the oil-based economies most resemble those of 'dependent' economic systems, as opposed to self-sustaining and self-expanding economies. The mono-economy systems developed in most of oil-exporting nations, are based on extraction and exporting of a single depleting resource. In such mono-economies, non-oil sectors have little contribution to GDP. Agricultural sectors in particular, show a declining trend. (b) Public expenditures and development projects are geared to position of balance of payments which in turn is conditioned by oil-revenues. Thus, major fluctuations in the world demand for oil can have serious implications for the process of economic development in oil-nations. In general, the direction of development in petroleum-exporting countries is highly dependent upon the economic conditions of the developed countries. (c) Most oil-revenues are being recycled back into the developed market economies through a variety of channels. A large portion of oil-proceeds are used as payments for various categories of goods and services. Another portion is invested in the oil-importing industrial countries while the real returns on these investments have been eroding. / Based on the problems faced by oil-producing nations, it was recommended that a partial self-reliance strategy be followed in these nations to reduce over-dependence on foreign economic systems and to promote development. In the context of the above, diversification of the economy has to be pursued, aiming at expansion of non-oil industrial and agricultural sectors. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 43-12, Section: A, page: 3980. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1982.

Lumichrome (7,8-dimethylalloxazine) undergoes excited state double proton transfer in two solvents: acetic acid and pyridine. This research extends the mechanistic understanding of this process. Evidence is presented that points to two different mechanisms in the two solvent systems. In acetic acid, the one-step, concerted double proton transfer mechanism is supported. In pyridine, a two-step mechanisms is proposed. In the first step, dissociation occurs in the ground state, with the formation of the lumichrome anion and the pyridinium cation. In the second step, excited state single proton transfer takes place, from the pyridinium cation to the lumichrome anion, forming the tautomer species. / In other solvents, e.g., alcohols, ethers, excited state proton transfer is not observed. In order to explain this it is proposed that the first ground state pK(,a) (defined as the dissociation constant in aprotic solvents) of lumichrome is highly dependent on the hydrogen-bond strength of the solvent, becoming more acidic in weakly hydrogen bonding solvents. If this is the case, then lumichrome exists in neutral and anionic forms in equilibirum in these solvents, and the cyclic hydrogen bonding required for proton transfer cannot occur. / 7-azaindole has long been known to undergo excited state proton transfer in hydrocarbon and alcohol solutions. We have demonstrated the occurrence of an analogous phototautomerization in the purine bases adenine and guanine, which are structurally similar to 7-azaindole. However, this proton transfer does not occur in hydrocarbon and alcohol solvents. Rather, as in the case of lumichrome, acetic acid and pyridine catalyze tautomerization in the purine bases. From these results we have drawn certain interesting conclusions as to the role of the solvent in excited state proton transfer. In hydroxyl-type solvents, such as alcohols and acetic acid, the pK(,a) of the solvent must match as closely as possible the pK(,a) of the molecule in question in order for proton transfer to occur. In pyridine, the more acidic the molecule, the more efficient is phototautomerization. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 45-09, Section: B, page: 2784. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1984.

Enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 has provided an opportunity to compare the behavior of firms in an industry with and without economic regulation. While conduct or the degree of rivalry in a market is often concealed and therefore difficult to observe directly, various measures of stability have been used in the literature as an indicator of conduct. Using similar measures of stability, the primary research task of this dissertation was to identify and measure empirically the determinants of market rivalry in city-pair airline markets and then to compare how the determinants may have changed since deregulation. / A sample of 123 large city-pair airline markets were selected for analysis. Separate estimates were made for the periods before (1974-76) and after (1978-80) deregulation using ordinary least square regression analysis. The statistical results from these two periods were then compared. What follows is a brief summary of the more important results. / First, the evidence contradicted the assertion that because airline markets are highly contestable, potential competition should be able to discipline behavior even in highly concentrated markets. While the relationship between various measures of concentration and instability should have been weaker during the 1978-80 period, rivals were apparently able to exercise even greater market power. Second, not only was the mutual forebearance hypothesis not supported by these empirical results, but it appears that multiple contacts among rivals may have actually intensified competitive interaction during the 1974-76 period. Third, the airports of Chicago, Washington and New York, where slots are allocated by scheduling committees, appeared to exhibit a systematic tendency toward greater stability in the regulated period. However, the ability of these committees to exercise power during the 1978-80 period was considerably reduced. / Finally, when pooled regression equations were estimated using data for both periods, a 75 percent relative and 91 percent absolute increase in instability could be directly attributed to deregulation. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 45-11, Section: A, page: 3413. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1984.

A method of analytically solving first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations with polynomial coefficients is presented. This method essentially updates the work of G. Darboux, completed in 1878, by using the algebraic capabilities of the modern digital computer to solve systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. The solution of these systems results in integration factors for the original first order differential equation. / This method of solution is applied to the spherically symmetric but time-dependent Einstein equations. It is then shown that when the spherical symmetry constraint is removed and the same form of the metric is otherwise used, the time-dependent Einstein equations can be solved by essentially the same procedure. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 45-11, Section: B, page: 3531. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1984.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of instructions designed to activate two organizational cognitive strategies, on two types of delayed free recall of prose. The first type of recall measured was recall of major themes, and the second type was overall recall of themes and supporting details. The two organizational cognitive strategies which the instructions were designed to activate were paraphrasing and searching for themes. The study also attempted to determine if students' reading comprehension ability displayed an interaction with the cognitive strategy activation instructions they received, to produce effects on recall of both types. / The study was conducted in a typical middle school setting with classroom size groups ranging from sixteen to forty-five students. One hundred and four sixth grade students were rank ordered in terms of their reading comprehension ability, and then randomly assigned to three treatment groups, so that the treatment groups were similarly distributed with respect to reading comprehension level. One treatment group received a prose passage to read, along with instructions designed to activate a theme-searching strategy to store the passages for delayed free recall. The second group received the same prose passage along with instructions designed to activate a paraphrasing strategy to store the passage for delayed free recall. The third group -- the control group -- received the same prose passage as the other two groups; their instructions directed them only to reread the passage for delayed recall, rather than to use organizational strategies for storage. / The prose passage used for the study was taken from a standard fourth-grade level reading textbook. In order to avoid effects due to differing lengths of time on task with the prose passage, the instructions were designed so that all three sets were parallel in terms of length and difficulty. Difficulty of the instructions was determined by sentence length, length and phonetic regularity of words, context placement of important ideas, and formatting of the print on the page. / Each group was told to read the passage once and then close their booklets. After all students had done this, they were told to reopen their booklets and follow the treatment instructions. All students were given twenty minutes to read the brief instructions and review the prose passage for later recall. The students were given a free recall test five days later, which was scored by a pair of judges for theme recall and overall recall. The scoring guide employed was based on a linguistic model designed to break down the content of the prose passage into ideas high and low in structural importance, and their supporting details. On a trial sample of thirty recall protocols, the judges had a high level of agreement in classifying the student recall protocols (in their own words) as actual ideas or details in the target prose passage (Pearson correlation coefficient = .97 for theme recall and .99 for overall recall). / The cognitive strategy activation treatments were not found to have a statistically significant effect on either type of delayed recall obtained after five days. Nor were there any significant interaction effects found between the cognitive strategy activation treatments and students' reading comprehension level for either type of delayed recall. Existing research results were reconfirmed in this study with the finding that students' reading comprehension level had a significant effect on delayed recall of both types (p (LESSTHEQ) .001 for theme recall and p (LESSTHEQ) .002 for overall recall). / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 41-02, Section: A, page: 0644. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1980.

The collection of poems is divided into three parts. All of the poems are in the open form although some are obviously influenced by traditional forms. Each section contains motifs and themes common to the other two sections. The first two parts are antithetical to a large extent; the third part is a synthesizer. / The predominant mood, tone, and theme of "Dancing Dust" is celebratory, a search for and attainment of heightened reality in the submission to art, ritual, or any other form of illuminated life. The primacy of "The Widows" is loss, the passage into new being brought on by larger than human forces. "Carbon Rites" is an expansive section affirming that life and art happen anywhere between, and inclusive of, the moment of ecstasy and the moment of despair. / The major influences on the work become sometimes the subjects of the poems. There are a number of music poems, their range from classical to rock. There are dance poems. The two art forms so inherent in all ritual are a major force in these works. / Region is also an influence. Few of the poems are not country poems. They reflect the south Louisiana from which they were written. Consequently, there are linguistic and sociological implications of the area and culture. Several reveal folk belief and custom; many employ a weaving of cajun French because that linquistic behavior is peculiar to that region. / However, the collection's title Carbon Rites lifts the poems out of regional poetry. They focus on one region with an eye for the universal longings and quests of every man. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 42-03, Section: A, page: 1133. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1981.

Antibody to hog brain tubulin was raised in rabbits and used to stain microtubules within fertilized eggs of the sea urchins Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus variegatus. The unfertilized egg was found to be devoid of microtubules until 3 min post-insemination, at which time numerous microtubules appear, all of which emanate from the sperm centioles. These microtubules radiate throughout much of the egg's volume by 8 min and appear to bind to and apply a pulling force to the egg nucleus. As a result the egg nucleus moves to the sperm aster in a fashion very reminiscent of mitotic chromosome motion. These observations may help to resolve the long-standing controversy over the mechanism of pronuclear movement. / Since the sea urchin egg contains no microtubules until after sperm-egg fusion it seemed that this might be an excellent system for studying the control of microtubule assembly. Eggs can be artificially activated in the absence of sperm at a number of control points and it was hoped that comparison of the microtubule configurations of eggs activated by different treatments might allow the identification of the cause of microtubule assembly. By this method it was found that neither the Ca('++) transient nor the presence of centrioles can be said to control the number of microtubules developed by the egg, although Ca('++) and centrioles profoundly effect the behavior of microtubules in vitro. Surprisingly, blocking the shift in cytoplasmic pH which accompanies fertilization prevented the appearance of microtubules, even though the direction of the pH shift is away from the optimum pH for microtubule assembly in vitro. To assist in these experiments a spectroscopic method of intracellular pH determination was adapted to sea urchin eggs and found to work extremely well with these cells. This method was used to show that pH can be clamped at 6.8-6.9 either by incubation in choline-substituted sea water (to block Na('+)-H('+) antiport) or by incubation in 10('-2) M Na acetate. Either treatment prevented the formation of microtubules after fertilization. / There are recent suggestions that microtubules in animal cells are associated at all times with centrioles. In the sea urchin egg centrioles are not present and yet the cell is capable of assembling large numbers of microtubules after metabolic derepression. However, the behavior of the microtubule-containing structures in activated eggs is quite different from that seen in fertilized eggs (which contain centrioles), suggesting that centrioles have a minimal effect on the extent of microtubule assembly but are important in regulating the behavior of microtubule-containing structures. / Briefly, the major contributions of the work reported in this monograph are: (i) The establishment of the structure of the apparatus which moves the pronuclei at fertilization and the identification of this apparatus as a favorable system for studies on the mechanism by which microtubule-containing structures generate force, one of the major unsolved problems in cell biology, (ii) The finding that prior to fertilization the egg contains no microtubules, and the identification of the change in cytoplasmic pH as being important in making egg cytoplasm conducive to microtubule assembly, and (iii) The use of artificially activated eggs to show that at least in these cells centrioles do not play a major role in the control of microtubule assembly. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 42-06, Section: B, page: 2179. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1981.

Partial Canonical Analysis has not previously been applied in an educational setting. Problems associated with the interpretation of relationships within and between residualized sets of variables had not been addressed. In the application of this relatively new technique, this study examined / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 41-07, Section: A, page: 2837. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1980.

Theories of composition that utilize heuristic or problem-solving procedures are explicated and compared in an effort to determine what can logically be expected from the application of a particular heuristic during the composing process. All of the theories chosen for evaluation make, or have made for them, explicit epistemological claims; the theorists make assumptions about the nature, source, and criterion of knowledge, and they tend to make their theories of composition a direct reflection of their epistemological stances. As the heuristic is the problem-solving strategy in the theory, the epistemology is the problem statement: it specifies what the theorist takes to be the unknown element in the universe of discourse. It is a major contention of this study that the application of a metatheory--such as that proposed by Janice Lauer--to evaluate and compare the theories is hampered by a failure to understand this fundamental relationship. Thus, a major aim of this study is to provide capsule analyses of theories on a number of salient points: to identify the controlling metaphor that underlies each theory, to specify the heuristic employed by the theory, to determine the nature of truth assumed by the theorist and the extent to which adherence to truth is a basic concern of the theory; this leads to the necessary understanding of the purpose of discourse as expressed in each theory and its focus in the universe of discourse; the goal of pedagogy specified by the theory and the type of product presumed to result from instruction are likewise useful indicators of the scope of a theory; assumptions made about the writer are directly reflected in the role of invention in the theories; the treatment of arrangement and style, though often only tangential concerns for heuristic theorists, are also considered. / The study begins with a description of the origins of the traditional course and suggests that the unresolved epistemological conflict at the foundation of the "current-traditional" composition paradigm has had a continuing negative effect on composition theory. The classical topics remain the most consistent and complete of the rhetorical heuristics available, although a failure to understand their function as a probe for the discovery of arguments and not of facts can seriously impair their efficiency. The Pre-Writing project, extending the romantic conception of the creative artist to include student writers, utilizes analogy as the primary heuristic technique but restricts its scope to the discovery of subjective truth. The behavioral pedagogy of Robert Zoellner shifts attention from the internal and hence inaccessible activities of the composer to external performance. Zoellner proposes to shape the behavior of the student "talker" by reinforcing intermediate attainment of the desired scribal performance. Kenneth Burke's pentad, like the classical topics, is frequently misconstrued as an information retrieval probe when adaptors fail to understand the terministic basis of his epistemology. As a theory of composition, tagmemics is derived from the linguistic theory of Kenneth Pike, finding its epistemological base in the principle of indeterminacy and utilizing the terms of particle, wave, and field as the basis for the heuristic. Despite the favorable attention given to tagmemics, some ambiguity remains in the theory. The conceptual theory of Frank D'Angelo takes as its controlling metaphor the argument from design for the existence of God. He suggests that "one grand design" underlies the universe and that form consciousness is the key to composition instruction. / While none of the theories is a perfect model of pedagogy, heuristics can be useful if attention is paid to problem-stating as well as problem-solving. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 41-10, Section: A, page: 4375. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1980.

Results of the characterization of a soluble chromatin fraction that is released by brief digestion with micrococcal nuclease are described. Both transcriptionally active sequences and newly replicated sequences are highly enriched in this rapidly released, soluble (RRS) chromatin. RRS fractionation permits 7 to 20 fold enrichments of transscriptionally active sequences and 15 fold enrichments of newly replicated DNA (i.e. compared to the insoluble or P fraction). This functionally important chromatin is more accessible or sensitive to nuclease than the bulk of the chromatin. Greater accessibility is probably a natural consequence of a necessity to interact with regulatory molecules, polymerases, or packaging proteins. RRS chromatin is enriched in HMG 1, 2, 14 and 17 and many other non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHCP). RRS chromatin contains a generally basic subset of NHCP, and RRS chromatin mononucleosomes contain a very basic subset of these. RRS chromatin nucleosomes are highly enriched in a protein we have termed HL4. HL4 was isolated; its amino acid composition indicates it is not a breakdown product of histones or common NHCP. HL4 appears to replace H4 in the nucleosome core. A protein with mobility similar to HL4 also appears in chicken erythrocyte (CE) RRS chromatin. RRS chromatin from CE is very similar to mouse myeloma (MM) RRS chromatin in its protein component and enrichment in transcriptionally active sequences, but differs from the MM system in its low yields and faster sedimenting fractions. Histones 3 and 4 of soluble fraction are less acetylated than in bulk chromatin, but the NHCP of the soluble fraction are highly acetylated. RRS contains many unusual nucleosomes which can be separated into distinct classes. The ability to separate these unusual nucleosomes permits a wide range of future experiments. RRS chromatin provides new insights into functionally important NHCP and the fine structure of active genes. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 42-01, Section: B, page: 0042. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1981.