Technological advancements are reaching new milestones in modern world. The demand for innovations and discoveries in each field is growing greater. This is the challenge in front of product designers. This thesis is about designing a mechanism for a machine tool. Machining tools are used from manual lathes to modern automated Computer Numerical Control machines. Turning operation is one of the basic stages in machining workpiece. Wiper inserts are used in final stage of turning for better surface finish due to their multi-point radii. But to use efficiently, positioning tool edge is necessary. Requirements are drafted based on this objective. So, developing a mechanism to perform this function is the foundation. Understanding various concept generation techniques in design field is necessary. Such techniques are described in literature section and later applied in thesis. A systematic approach is drafted for developing concepts. Then concepts are developed using these techniques. These concepts are evaluated based on weightage criteria. Then concepts are selected for detail design and prototype manufacturing. These chosen concepts are simulated to validate and to analyse mechanical properties. It is concluded that one simple concept is better than others in performance and utility. Finally, the thoughts for future work are stated. This work provides a brief idea on approaching product development. / Tekniska framsteg når nya milstolpar i den moderna världen. Efterfrågan på innovationer och upptäckter inom varje område blir större. Detta är utmaningen för produktutvecklare. Det här examensarbetet handlar om att designa en mekanism för ett verktygsmaskin. Verktygsmaskiner används i allt från manuella svarvar till moderna automatiserade numeriskt styrda verktygsmaskin. Svarvning är ett av grundstegen i bearbetningen av ett arbetsstycke. Wiperskär används i slutskedet av svarvning för bättre ytfinish (ytfinhet) tack vare flerpunktsradier. Men för att ett wiperskär ska kunna navändas efektivt är positionering av verktygskanten nödvändigt. Krav för urformas utifrån detta mål och att utveckla en mekanism för att utföra den här funktionen är därmed grundläggande. Förståelse för olika konceptgenereringstekniker inom design är nödvändig. Sådana tekniker beskrivs i litteraturavsnittet och tillämpas senare i examensarbetet. Ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt utarbetas för att utveckla koncepten. Sedan utvecklas koncepten med dessa tekniker. Dessa koncept utvärderas utifrån viktningskriterier. Sedan väljs koncept för detaljdesign och prototyptillverkning. Dessa valda koncept simuleras för att validera och analyseras mekaniska egenskaper. Slutsatsen är att ett enkelt koncept är bättre än andra när det gäller prestanda och nytta. Slutligen formuleras förslag på framtida arbete. Detta arbete ger inblick i hur det är att närma sig produktutveckling.

O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é uma doença do neurodesenvolvimento. É caracterizado por déficits significativos e persistentes na comunicação e na interação social e por padrões restritos e repetitivos de comportamento, interesses ou atividades. O TEA é considerado uma doença comum, afetando 1 a cada 68 crianças e com uma proporção de 4,2 meninos afetados para cada menina (.A etiologia do autismo apresenta um forte componente genético. Neste contexto, as metodologias genômicas de larga escala (Sequenciamento de nova geração, microarray) contribuíram para o conhecimento sobre a genética do TEA. No entanto, em aproximadamente 70% dos pacientes, o transtorno permanece com etiologia não identificada. Com base nisso, para o presente trabalho, elaborou-se a hipótese de que pequenas CNVs (entre 1 e 50 Kb), que se encontram abaixo da resolução da maioria dos microarrays comerciais, e cuja detecção ainda apresenta limitações para a sua detecção através de sequenciamento de nova geração, poderiam contribuir para o fenótipo em uma proporção significativa dos casos. Como primeira etapa para abordar essa questão, realizou-se a metodologia de aCGH customizado 60K cobrindo um total de 269 genes candidatos ao TEA, a fim de selecionar CNVs potencialmente patogênicas entre 98 pacientes brasileiros com TEA idiopático. Com esta triagem inicial, a prevalência de CNVs potencialmente patogênicas obtida foi de 9%, com 20% delas caracterizadas como pequenas. A análise subsequente foi realizada com a metodologia de aCGH customizado 180K, o qual cobriu um total de 1527 genes candidatos ao TEA. Um total de 63 pacientes com autismo foram analisados com este novo array. A partir destas hibridações, a prevalência de CNVs potencialmente patogênicas obtida foi de 12,7%, com 62,5 % delas classificadas como pequenas. Esta taxa de detecção é bastante expressiva, particularmente se considerarmos que a amostra de pacientes utilizada foi submetida a uma pré-triagem, com a finalidade de excluir os pacientes com as CNVs mais prevalentes no TEA, nas regiões 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 e 22q13.3. A última abordagem utilizada neste trabalho foi comparar a detecção de CNVs pela metodologia de aCGH, referência padrão ouro para detecção de CNVs, com a de sequenciamento de nova geração (NGS). Os dados de 9 pacientes obtidos por NGS foram analisados através dos softwares NextGene e XHMM. Os softwares, no entanto, apresentaram resultados discrepantes entre si e pouca sobreposição com os dados de aCGH 180K, de 38,9% e 50%, considerando o NextGene e o XHMM respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o aCGH customizado é promissor para a detecção de CNVs pequenas e que essas, por sua vez, podem contribuir para o risco de TEA em pelo menos 6,3 %, dos casos / Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is characterized by significant and persistent deficits in communication and social interaction, and by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities. ASD is considered a common disease, affecting 1 in 68 children and a proportion of 4.2 boys affected for each girl.The etiology of autism has a strong genetic component. In this context, genomic methodologies of high-throughput (new generation sequencing, microarray) contributed to the knowledge about the genetics of ASD. However, in approximately 70% of patients with ASD, the disorder remains with unidentified etiology. Therefore, foi this work, it was hypothesized that small CNVs (between 1 and 50 Kb), which are below the resolution of most commercial microarrays and and whose detection still has limitations for its detection detection through NGS, could contribute to the phenotype in a proportion of cases. As a first step to address this hypothesis, it was performed the methodology of custom aCGH 60K, covering a total of 269 ASD candidate genes, in order to select potentially pathogenic CNVs among 98 Brazilian patients with idiopathic ASD. With this initial screening, the prevalence of potentially pathogenic CNVs obtained was 9%, with 20% of them characterized as small. The subsequent analysis was performed using the 180K custom aCGH methodology, which covered a total of 1527 TEA candidate genes. A total of 63 patients with autism were analyzed with this new array. From these hybridizations, the prevalence of potentially pathogenic CNVs obtained was 12.7%, with 62.5% of them classified as small. This detection rate is quite significant, particularly considering that the sample of patients used was pre-screened, in order to exclude patients with the most prevalent CNVs in ASD in the regions 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 and 22q13.3. The last approach used in this work was to compare the detection of CNVs by the methodology of aCGH, gold standard reference for CNVs detection, with the next generation sequencing (NGS).Data from 9 patients obtained by NGS were analyzed using NextGene and XHMM software. The softwares, however, presented discrepant results among themselves and little overlap with the data of aCGH 180K, of 38.9% and 50%, considering NextGene and XHMM respectively. These results suggest that the customized aCGH represents a promising approach for the detection of small CNVs and that these, in turn, can contribute to the risk of ASD in at least 6,3 % of cases

This diploma thesis is focused on the study of electrochemical generation volatile species of gold and silver. Two non-membrane electrolytic cells were constructed for electrochemical generation volatile species. These cells differ in the volume of electrode chamber. An atomic absorption spectrometry with quartz tube atomizer was used in most experiments. The equipment was performed in flow continuous mode. Experiments confirmed, that it is possible to use an atomic absorption spectrometry with quartz tube atomizer for generate volatile species of gold and silver by using two non-membrane electrolytic cells. The main part of this thesis was to find optimal conditions for the electrochemical generation of volatile species of gold and silver. These optimized parameters were: the cathode material, the type of electrolyte, the flow rate of the carrier gas, the generation current and the electrolyte flow rate. The calibration curves for both analytes were measured for both non-membrane electrolytic cells and the basic characteristics of the measurement were observed. Detection limit for electrochemical generation of gold was 1,61mg dm 3 and repeatability 3,93 %, detection limit for electrochemical generation of silver was 0,20 mg dm 3 and repeatability 7,33 %. Thanks to the experiments with a...