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Relationship Between Settlement Location And Morphological Landform: A Gis Method Applied To Cankiri ProvinceSurmeli, Biricik Gozde 01 July 2003 (has links) (PDF)
This study aims to develop a method to investigate the relationship between settlement
locations and the morphological landforms using geographical information systems (GIS).
The method is applied to Ç / ankiri province, a mountainous terrain, which is covered in
seventy-seven sheets of topographic maps at 1:25.000 scale.
Three databases are created and used in this study: 1) Settlement database comprising
various topographic and landform attributes of 891 settlements, 2) Morphological landform
database composed of 4042 landform polygon elements digitized from 1:25.000 topographic
maps, and 3) Topographic database containing the digital elevation model of the area and
its derivatives.
The first step in the algorithm is to classify the area into four main landform classes, namely,
valley, slope, flood and top. Unsuitable landforms are then clipped out based on the
thresholds derived from three topographic properties (elevation, slope and aspect).
Accordingly, about 2 % of the settlements and 12 % of the area are removed. The
relationship is investigated using the percentages of remaining settlements and landform
classes. Further analyses such as position of the settlement within the landform polygon and
type of the nearest landforms are carried out for final interpretation.
Following conclusions are reached on the relationship between settlement location and
morphological landforms:
- Percentages of settlements for flood, valley, slope and top are 8.37, 27.52, 58.60
and 5.50, respectively. Considering the percentages of the landforms provided in the
area, however, valley is the most preferred landform followed by flood type. Slope
and top landforms are less preferred. About 86 % of the settlements are
concentrated along valley-slope boundary.
- Morphological boundaries of flood and top landforms are consistent with the
settlement zones. The valley-slope boundary, on the other hand, which is the most populated area, cross-cut the settlements zones.
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Assessment Of Rock Slope Stability For A Coastal Area Near Kusadasi, Aydin, TurkeyKaya, Yavuz 01 February 2013 (has links) (PDF)
The study area, which will be open to tourism in Kusadasi (Aydin), has steep and high cliffs near the Aegean coast. In the area where some slidings and rockfall problems occurred in the past the geological hazards should be investigated and nature-friendly remedial measures should be taken. The aim of this study is to perform engineering geological studies to:(i) search geological hazards, (ii) reveal the slope stability problems, (iii) recommend nature-friendly solutions in order to prevent/minimize the hazards and (iv)compare the results obtained from 2-D and 3-D rockfall analyses. To accomplish these tasks, the geological survey was performed, the information about the discontinuities was collected by means of scanline surveys, the rock samples were collected, the in-situ and laboratory tests were carried out, the slope stability and rockfall analyses were performed for different slope conditions, remedial measures were offered for the problematical areas considering the data obtained and the results of 2-D and 3-D analysis were compared. Under the light of these studies, rock removal, drainage, greening (vegetation), filling the caverns, wall building and erosion prevention were offered as remedial measures. The comparison of the 2-D and 3-D rockfall analyses shows that the end points and bounce height values are different for each method. The differences between the 2-D and 3-D model originate from the slope geometry, the algorithm used in the software and the different input parameters. According to the field observations, the 2-D model is more realistic than 3-D model.
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Quality Assessment Of The Armourstones For Some Black Sea Rubble Mound BreakwatersOzden, Utku Ahmet 01 January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Black Sea coast line is a hazardous region especially in winter due to the dominant wave action. Therefore, rubble mound breakwaters used as ship shelters are vital structures especially for the fishermen. Construction of the breakwater requires good quality durable armourstones. Due to the nature of the rubble mound breakwaters, armourstones having various sizes and types are used in the construction of these structures. The deterioration of these armourstones with time in the form of abrasion and disintegration may result in the failure of the breakwater. Therefore, it is important to investigate the durability and quality of the armourstones to be used in these structures. In this thesis, the properties of the armourstones taken from five rock quarries and used in the Hisarö / nü / (Bartin), the Tarlaagzi (Bartin) and the Alapli (Zonguldak) rubble mound breakwaters were studied both in field and laboratory in order to assess their qualities and long term durabilities. Based on the in-situ observations and laboratory tests, the Kavakdere, Kavukkavlagi and the Tarlaagzi limestones are good (durable) rocks. However, the Ç / ö / mlekç / ikuyu andesite is found to be generally marginal rock, and the Kiran sandstone is poor rock. CIRIA/CUR, RDId, RERS and Wet-Dry strength ratio classifications are in good agreement with the in-situ observations and the results of the laboratory tests. However RDIs, Average Pore Diameter and Saturation Coefficient classifications do not fully reflect the reality.
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Modeling Of Mogan And Eymir Lakes Aquifer SystemYagbasan, Ozlem 01 June 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Mogan and Eymir Lakes, located 20 km south of Ankara, are important
aesthetic, recreational, and ecological resources. DikilitaS and ikizce reservoirs,
constructed on upstream surface waters, are two man-made structures in the basin
encompassing an area of 985 km2. The purpose of this study is (1) to quantify
groundwater components in lakes&rsquo / budgets, (2) to assess the potential impacts of
upstream reservoirs on lake levels, and (3) to determine effects of potential
climatic change on lakes and groundwater levels in the basin. Available data have
been used to develop a conceptual model of the system. The three dimensional
groundwater model (MODFLOW) has been developed for the system. The model
has been calibrated successfully under transient conditions over a period of six
years using monthly periods. The results show that groundwater inflows and
outflows have the lowest contribution to the overall lakes&rsquo / budget. A sensitivity
analysis was conducted to determine the limits within which the regional
parameters may vary. Three groundwater management scenarios had been
developed. The results show that the upstream reservoirs have a significant effect
on lake stages but not on groundwater levels. A trade-off curve between the
amount of water released and the average stage in Lake Mogan has been
developed. The continuation of the existing average conditions shows that there
would be declines in groundwater elevations in areas upstream from Lake Mogan
and downstream from Lake Eymir. The results also indicated that very small, but
long-term changes to precipitation and temperature have the potential to cause
significant declines in groundwater and lake levels.
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Preparation Of Clay-polymer Nanocomposite For The Retardation Of Waste Water Infiltration In Landfill SitesBildiren, Mert 01 September 2007 (has links) (PDF)
In this thesis study, the use of clay-polymer nanocomposites for their
applicability in landfill sites as a product of retardation of waste water infiltration
was evaluated. For this purpose, organophilic clays from HDTMA+ organic cation
and nanocomposites of montmorillonite were prepared. The bentonite samples B1,
B2 and B3 dominantly contain 2:1 layer montmorillonite and 1:1 interstratification of
illite/smectite mixed layer as clay minerals. B1 is an unmodified yellow bentonite
and B2 is a grey bentonite modified from B1, by the addition of Na2CO3 (Soda Ash).
They were obtained from Hanç / ili (Kalecik-Ankara) bentonite deposit which belongs
to the Hancili Formation of Early Pliocene age. B3 is a standard Wyoming (SWy-1)
white bentonite and belongs to the Newcastle formation of Cretaceous age.
Their cation exchange and swelling capacity values were determined and the
values increase from B1, B2 to B3. In order to produce clay-polymer
nanocomposites, firstly organoclays were produced in bentonite samples. Claypolymer
nanocomposite production was achieved by in situ intercalative
polymerization successfully with intercalation and partly exfoliation of clay minerals
with polyacrylamide (PAM). The samples of sand (S1), sand+bentonite (S2) and
sand+nanocomposite (S3) mixtures were prepared and their permeability was
determined. As a result of these values, the permeability of samples decrease from
S1, S2 to S3.
The results imply that the permeability of sample decreases as the claypolymer
nanocomposite content increases resulting in a retardation of water
penetration throughout the sample. The product has a potential to be used as a
retardant for waste water infiltration in landfill sites.
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Geology And Joint Analysis Of The Derinkuyu And Kaymakli Underground Cities Of Cappadocia, TurkeyMutlu, Mehmet Ozgur 01 May 2008 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis attempts to detect the ignimbrite units in which the underground cities
were carved and the relationship between the joints in these ignimbrites and the walls
of underground cities. Orientation of rooms, directions of walls and joints are input
data used in the study. Two sites in Cappadocia (Derinkuyu and Kaymakli) are
selected to investigate the relationship. Measurements taken from 46 rooms of
Derinkuyu and 64 rooms of Kaymakli are analyzed for the room and joint directions,
joint locations in the room and joint densities. The density analyses are also
performed in the field for Kizilkaya and Gö / rdeles ignimbrites.
Conclusions derived from the analysis are: 1) Derinkuyu is carved within Kizilkaya
and Kaymakli is carved within Gö / rdeles ignimbrite, 2) The thickness of Kizilkaya
and Gö / rdeles ignimbrites observed 13.5 and 34 m, respectively, in the field. The
probable thickness of Derinkuyu and Kaymakli underground cities are 40 and 25 m,
respectively, 3) The rooms and the joints are oriented arbitrarily, 4) Forming the
room walls that are perpendicular to joints were not preferred, 5) The joint densities
in Derinkuyu show ascending tendency, while the joint densities in Kaymakli have
descending tendency from top to ground floors, 6) The joint density of Kizilkaya in
the field is higher than the joint density in Derinkuyu underground city. Similarly,
the joint density of Gö / rdeles in the field is higher than the density of Kaymakli
underground city, 7) The joint density of Kizilkaya ignimbrite is higher than
Gö / rdeles ignimbrite in both field and underground measurements.
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Geoarchaeological Investigations In Zeugma,turkeyKaraca, Ceren 01 August 2008 (has links) (PDF)
The purpose of this study is to investigate the geological and morphological features around ancient city of Zeugma. To achieve this, a geological map of Zeugma excavation site is prepared / an aerial photographic survey and morphological analyses are conducted on a broader area. Additionally, the biggest ancient quarry in the study area is investigated.
In the close vicinity of Zeugma, four lithologies which are, from bottom to top, clayey limestone, thick bedded limestone, chalky limestone and cherty limestone are identified. A major fault with a vertical throw of 80 m is mapped in the area.
Geological survey reveals that the excavation site is located within the chalky limestone and the rock tombs are carved within the thick bedded limestone.
In the aerial photographic survey, Firat River is classified into 4 morphological classes which are river, island, flood plain and basement. The change among these classes is investigated between 1953 and 1992. The results reveal that there is no considerable variation in the position of the river channel and margins of flood plain within 39 years. The major change is observed in the islands that are built within the flood plain.
Testing the elevation of Gaziantep and Firat formations boundary using the relief map, investigating the visibility of selected points in the area, predicting the source area for the water supply, and evaluating the nature of the ancient route, constitute the morphological analysis carried out in this study. However, these analyses are not studied in detail and should be considered as the first attempts for more detailed morphological analyses.
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Implementation Of A Hazard Rating System To The Cut Slopes Along Kizilcahamam-gerede Segment Of D750 HighwayCicek, Ceren 01 April 2009 (has links) (PDF)
The purpose of this study is to implement a rock fall hazard rating system to the cut slopes along Kizilcahamam-Gerede segment of D750 (Ankara-istanbul) Highway. The rating system developed by the Tennessee Department of Transportation was assessed for thirty six cut slopes which were selected based on a reconnaissance survey along D750 highway, between Kurtbogazi Dam (50 km northwest of Ankara) and AktaS village (15 km to Gerede town of Bolu province).
The stages of the investigation consist of project conception, field investigations and application of this system, assessment and presentation of data. The cut slopes were classified by implementing this method which requires a scoring on an exponential scale assigned to various parameters related to the site and roadway geometry and geologic characteristics. The rating process was completed at two stages: Preliminary and Detailed Rating. Based on the Tennessee RHRS, nineteen cutslopes were assessed according to these two stages while the other seventeen cut slopes were able to be classified only with the preliminary rating stage. Different modes of slope failure (planar, wedge, toppling, rock fall with differential weathering, raveling) throughout the selected segments of the highway were investigated and the slope and highway related parameters such as slope height, ditch effectiveness, average vehicle risk, road width, percent desicion site distance and rockfall history were identified for these nineteen cut slopes. After the scoring process was completed all cut slopes were classified based on their hazard ratings from the point of the problems that they may cause in transportation.
According to the rules of Tennessee RHRS, a total of thirty five cut slopes were rated. Among these slopes, nineteen of them are rated as A slopes which are considered to be potentially hazardous, while a total of seven are rated as C slopes which pose no danger. In placing a slope into a B category, it is considered that they are not as prone as A slopes to create a danger and a total of nine B slopes are detected. The detailed rating is accomplished for these nineteen A slopes and as a result of the scorings, it has been seen that the final RHRS scores range from 164 to 591. The slopes with scores over 500 can be counted as more hazardous slopes since they get very high scores both from site and roadway geometry and geologic hazard part.
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Comparison Of Geostatistics And Artificial Neural Networks In Reservoir Property EstimationArzuman, Sadun 01 September 2009 (has links) (PDF)
In this dissertation, 3D surface seismic data was integrated with the well logs
to be able to define the properties in every location for the reservoir under
investigation. To accomplish this task, geostatistical and artificial neural networks
(ANN) techniques were employed.
First, missing log sets in the study area were estimated using common
empirical relationships and ANN. Empirical estimations showed linear dependent
results that cannot be generalized. On the other hand, ANNs predicted missing logs
with an very high accuracy. Sonic logs were predicted using resistivity logs with 90%
correlation coefficient. Second, acoustic impedance property was predicted in the
study area. AI estimation first performed using sonic log with GRNN and 88% CC
was obtained. AI estimation was repeated using sonic and resistivity logs and the
result were improved to 94% CC.
In the final part of the study, SGS technique was used with collocated
cokriging techniques to estimate NPHI property. Results were varying due to nature
of the algorithm. Then, GRNN and RNN algorithms were applied to predict NPHI
property. Using optimized GRNN network parameters, NPHI was estimated with
high accuracy.
Results of the study were showed that ANN provides a powerful solution for
reservoir parameter prediction in the study area with its flexibility to find out nonlinear
relationships from the existing available data.
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Assessment Of Slope Stability For A Segment (km: 25+600-26+000) Of Antalya-korkuteli HighwayArikan, Asli Huriye 01 July 2010 (has links) (PDF)
The cut slopes at a segment between Km 25+600 and 26+000 of the Antalya-Burdur Breakaway-Korkuteli State Road to be newly constructed have slope instability problems due to the existence of highly jointed limestone.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the engineering geological properties of the units exposed at three cut slopes, to assess stability of the cut slopes, and to recommend remedial measures for the problematic sections.
In this respect, both field and laboratory studies have been carried out. The limestone exposed at the cut slopes are beige to gray, fine grained, fossiliferous, and highly jointed. It has two joint sets and a bedding plane as main discontinuities. The kinematic analysis indicates that planar failure is expected at Km: 25+900. Limit equilibrium analysis show that the cut slopes with bench have no slope instability problems except rockfalls which endanger the traffic safety. In this thesis it is recommended to covering the cut slope with wire mesh and fibre reinforced shotcrete
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