To better understand the ground motion and associated seismic hazard of earthquakes in the central and eastern United States (CEUS), this dissertation focuses on the source parameters and wave propagation characteristics of both tectonic earthquakes and induced earthquakes in the CEUS. The infrequent occurrence of significant earthquakes in the CEUS limits the necessary observations needed to understand earthquake processes and to reduce uncertainty in seismic-hazard maps. The well-recored aftershock sequence of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake offers a rare opportunity to improve our understanding of earthquake processes and earthquake hazard in this populous region of the United States. Moreover, the rapid increase of seismicity in the CEUS since 2009 that has been linked to wastewater injection has raised concern regarding the potential hazard. In this dissertation, I first present a detailed study of the aftershock sequence of the 2011 Mw 5.7 Mineral, Virginia earthquake. It involves the hypocenter locations of ~3000 earthquakes, ~400 focal mechanism solutions, statistics of the aftershock sequence, and the Coulomb stress modeling that explains the triggering mechnanism of those aftershocks. Second, I examine the S-wave attenuation at critical short hypocentral distances (< 60 km) using the aftershock data. The observed S-wave amplitudes decay as a function of hypocenter distance R according to R^-1.3 - R^-1.5, which is substantially steeper than R^-1 for a homogeneous whole space. Finally, I propose and apply a stable multi-window coda spectral ratio method to estimate corner frequencies and Brune-type stress drops for the 2011 Mineral, Virginia mainshock and aftershocks, as well as induced earthquakes in Oklahoma. The goal of this comparative study is to find out whether or not there are systematical differences in source parameters between tectonic earthquakes and induced earthquakes in the CEUS. I found generally much higher stress drops for the Mineral, Virginia sequence. However, the stress drops for those induced earthquakes in Oklahoma exhibit large varation among individual earthquake sequences, with the large mainshocks having high stress drops (20-30 MPa, Brune-type) except for the 2011 Mw 5.6 Prague, Oklahoma earthquake. And spatially varying stress drops indicates strong fault heterogeneity, which in the case of induced earthquakes may be influenced by the injection of fluids into the subsurface. / Ph. D. / This dissertation aims to improve our understanding of seismic hazard associated with both tectonic earthquakes and induced earthquakes in the central and eastern United States (CEUS) by studying the source parameters and wave propagation characteristics of earthquakes in the CEUS. The infrequent occurrence of significant earthquakes in the CEUS limits the necessary observations needed to understand earthquake processes and to reduce uncertainty in seismic-hazard maps. The well-recored aftershock sequence of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake offers a rare opportunity to improve our understanding of earthquake processes and earthquake hazard in this populous region of the United States. Moreover, the rapid increase of seismicity in the CEUS since 2009 that has been linked to wastewater injection has raised concern regarding the potential hazard. In this dissertation, I first present a detailed study of the aftershock sequence of the 2011 Mw 5.7 Mineral, Virginia earthquake. It involves the estimation of various types of source parameters. Second, I examine the Swave attenuation at critical short hypocentral distances (< 60 km) using the aftershock data. The oberved ground-motion amplitude decay with distance can be incorporated in ground motion prediction models for the region. Finally, I propose and apply a new method to estimate precise corner frequencies and Brune-type stress drops, which are two important source parameters, for the 2011 Mineral, Virginia mainshock and aftershocks, as well as induced earthquakes in Oklahoma. The goal of this comparative study is to find out whether or not there are systematical differences in source parameters between tectonic earthquakes and induced earthquakes in the CEUS. The results shed light on the associated seismic hazard as well as the triggering mechanism for both tectonic earthquakes and induced earthquakes in the CEUS.

A series of small- to moderate-sized earthquakes occurred in Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas from 2010 to 2012, coinciding with the arrival of the EarthScope Transportable Array (TA). The data the TA recorded from those earthquakes provide a unique opportunity to study attenuation of the Lg phase in the mid-continent and Gulf Coastal region. The TA data reveal previously unrecognized regional variability of ground motion propagation in the central United States. A study of the Fourier amplitude spectra shows the Lg phase exhibiting strong attenuation for ray paths from Arkansas, southwest through the Ouachita Orogenic Belt and into central Texas, and south into the Gulf Coastal region. Less attenuation is seen in central Texas for ray paths extending directly south from Oklahoma, though attenuation remains strong along the Gulf Coast. In contrast, ray paths to the north, regardless of source location, exhibit very little attenuation, especially in northern Missouri and southern Iowa. Regression models that incorporate near-receiver (distance-independent) attenuation due to thick sediments in the Gulf Coastal Plain successfully reduce path-related bias in the regression residuals for stations near the Gulf Coast. Dividing the central United States into three regions (the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Great Plains and the Midwest) further reduced bias, and allowed for the development of Q models in the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Great Plains. In the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Q model for that part of the ray path through the basement, from the earthquake to the base of the sediment deposits below the receiver, was found to be Q=(295±11)*f^(0.645±0.029). The model for attenuation in the sediment section near the receiver in the Gulf Coastal Plain is Q=(72±6.7)*f^(0.32±0.06) (velocity through the sediments is unconfirmed but thought to be approximately 1 km/s). The Q model for the Great Plains is  Q=(692±61.3)*f^(0.43±0.07). The Midwest region exhibited extremely complicated behavior: the data indicate little or no attenuation of amplitudes in the frequency band from approximately 0.7 to 2.0 Hz. As a consequence, Q in the Midwest region in that frequency range could not be realistically determined. / Master of Science