<p>German cockroach (<i>Blattella germanica</i> L.) is an important urban pest that poses health risks. They carry pathogenic microorganisms, and the allergens present in their feces and cast skins can trigger asthma attacks. Gel bait formulations containing insecticides (indoxacarb and fipronil) have been used for German cockroach control for more than a decade. However, historical data suggests that cockroaches can develop resistance to insecticides that are repeatedly used. Therefore, we investigated the status and inheritance patterns of fipronil and indoxacarb resistance in cockroach strains collected from the state of Indiana and Illinois. In the first objective, topical dose-response bioassays were performed to determine fipronil and indoxacarb resistance levels in adult males of three field strains (D-IL, I-IN, and S-IN) and the laboratory-susceptible Orlando strain. Comparison of LD₅₀ (median lethal dose) values between the susceptible and field strains revealed that resistance to both insecticides in the D-IL and I-IN strains was <10-fold. However, fipronil and indoxacarb resistance levels in the S-IN strain were 20- and >10,000-fold, respectively. </p> <p> </p> <p>In the second objective, choice feeding bioassays were performed to test the performance of the resistant S-IN strain (adult males) on commercial fipronil and indoxacarb baits. Complete (100%) mortality of the S-IN strain was observed on fipronil baits. However, average mortality on indoxacarb baits was ~20% at 14d. In the third objective, synergist bioassays were done with PBO and DEF to investigate the mechanism of indoxacarb resistance. PBO did not significantly increase mortality in the S-IN strain at LD₅₀, but DEF did, suggesting increased hydrolase activity as a potential mechanism of indoxacarb resistance. In the last objective, reciprocal crosses were performed between the resistant S-IN strain and the susceptible Orlando strain to determine patterns of insecticide resistance. Topical bioassays and associated LD₅₀ values for the F1 generation adult males indicated that fipronil resistance was inherited as an incompletely dominant trait with sex-linkage. In contrast, indoxacarb resistance was inherited as a codominant trait and was not sex-linked. Our results indicate that resistance can evolve independently in different field strains. High-level indoxacarb resistance observed in the S-IN strain warrants additional research on the indoxacarb target-site as a possible resistance mechanism.</p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第17903号 / 農博第2026号 / 新制||農||1018(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H25||N4799(農学部図書室) / 30723 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐久間 正幸, 教授 松浦 健二, 教授 天野 洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Thesis (M.Sc. (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / In most cases the discipline plant protection is restricted to the protection of propagules, the plants and their produce in storage, while excluding the protection of processed (cooked) food from contaminants. Generally, the German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) is a serious contaminant of processed food and had recently been viewed as a pest worthy of control in plant protection when viewing the entire value chain of agricultural commodities. Due to the nature of the pest, it is quite difficult to control using registered agrochemicals on the market. An entrepreneur in the rural areas of Limpopo Province developed bait for cockroach control, which was code named Mohlolo during efficacy trials. The use of baiting in cockroach management is currently the sought after approach in the world where cockroaches are problematic. Bait has the advantage over liquid or dust formulations because baiting requires shorter service, has shown increased efficacy, and has reduced environmental contamination. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the effect of MIB would be age related in the suppression of populations of B. germanica under laboratory conditions, and also to investigate whether MIB would reduce populations of B. germanica in residential areas. Five concurrent B. germanica age-related experiments were run in a complete randomized design. 1-d, 2-d, 3-d, 4-d, 5-d old nymphs and adult German cockroach experiments were conducted at Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station (LATS) laboratory, (53’21,41” S/29 23o 44’19,95”E) hosted at the University of Limpopo. Each age group consisted of 10 nymphs and was put in 250 cm3 container that contained xv Mohlolo insecticide bait (MIB). One gram (1 g) of Mohlolo insecticide bait and moistened cotton wick were put at the bottom centre of the 250 cm3 containers containing nymphs based according to their respective ages. Residential experiments were conducted at UL student apartments. Two Bait containers were then placed in the kitchen, lodge, bathroom and bedroom. In the kitchen MIB containers were put behind the cooking stove and refrigerator, in the lodge the bait was placed next to the study table (because most study tables are also used during the eating time). In the bathroom the baits were put next to toilet seat and lastly in the bedroom, the bait was placed next to study table. According to the results, 100% mortality of 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-days nymphs and adult B. germanica was obtained after 7th, 2nd 3rd 3rd and 4th day, whereas LT50 values ranged from half a day to one and half (1.5) day. The study also demonstrated that B. germanica populations had high LT50 and LT100 values in residential areas compared to LT50 and LT100 values obtained in the laboratory experiments. This is probably due to the fact that residential areas that have low levels of sanitation availed the cockroaches with an opportunity to choose from many foods hence, it reduced the probability for cockroaches to feed on Mohlolo insecticide bait in the respective apartments. Results of this study showed that, Mohlolo bait toxicity and effectiveness as a control agent can reduce infestation of cockroaches in all developmental stages when applied at small quantity. Providing results of this study would provide information on resistance and tolerance of B. germanica nymphs and adult population against MIB in the xvi laboratory and residential areas. It would also provide biological information on the efficacy of MIB against the German cockroaches.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 parreira_rs_me_jabo.pdf: 339536 bytes, checksum: 9761fab34df675f3e45e2e4ae0a042ca (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a mortalidade de duas populações de Blattella germanica em função da área e do tempo de exposição a inseticidas. Os experimentos foram realizados no Depto. Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal. Os inseticidas foram aplicados em torre de Potter, com volume de 1 mL sobre placas de Petri, em exposições de 2, 8 e 32 min, no primeiro experimento; e volume de 0,5 mL em áreas de exposição de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, no segundo experimento. No terceiro experimento foram tratadas superfícies revestidas por azulejos, com um pulverizador pressurizado (CO2). Foram utilizados os inseticidas gammacialotrina, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina e cipermetrina nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes, comparados a uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas cinco baratas adultas sobre a placa para os dois primeiros experimentos e dez baratas adultas nas superfícies de azulejo para o terceiro experimento. A mortalidade foi avaliada 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 h após confinamento na superfície tratada. Verificou-se que os inseticidas foram eficientes para os três períodos de exposição. Para a área de exposição o inseticida cipermetrina apresentou a maior mortalidade que ocorreu na maior área. Na avaliação antes da lavagem os produtos resultaram em alta mortalidade, sendo a maior eficiência para o bendiocarb. Após a lavagem da superfície a maior eficiência foi do alfacipermetrina. A população de campo demonstrou ser mais resistente aos inseticidas do que a sensível. / This work goes evaluate the mortality of two Blattella germanica populations due insecticide treatments, treated area and exposition times. The experiments were in Dept. Fitossanidade at UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The application of insecticides was realized in Potter’s tower over Petri plates with times exposition of 2, 8 and 32 min, to insects, spraying volume of 1 mL per plate; in another test it was evaluate exposition sizes of 25, 50, 75 and 100% areas to B. germanica and spraying volume of 1 mL per plate. Another application was over surfaces coverage with tile using a knapsack sprayer to test effect for washing in the tiles. For this, cockroaches (sensitive and field populations) were exposed before and after tiles had been washed. The products were: gammacyalotrine, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina and cipermetrina, plus one check without application. Five cockroaches were confined over treated plates (first and second experiments) and ten over tile (third experiment). The mortality evaluation was 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after cockroaches exposure. In the first experiment the insecticides was efficient to cipermetrina that promoted higher mortality. In relation of exposure periods, in all times it was observed high mortality of cockroaches. To areas, the higher was in the bigger area of exposure. In the third experiment, insects exposed before washing it was verify high mortality of cockroaches, mainly with bendiocarb, while after that the higher mortality was verified with alfacipermetrina. Field cockroaches survived more than sensitive population.

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a mortalidade de duas populações de Blattella germanica em função da área e do tempo de exposição a inseticidas. Os experimentos foram realizados no Depto. Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal. Os inseticidas foram aplicados em torre de Potter, com volume de 1 mL sobre placas de Petri, em exposições de 2, 8 e 32 min, no primeiro experimento; e volume de 0,5 mL em áreas de exposição de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, no segundo experimento. No terceiro experimento foram tratadas superfícies revestidas por azulejos, com um pulverizador pressurizado (CO2). Foram utilizados os inseticidas gammacialotrina, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina e cipermetrina nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes, comparados a uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas cinco baratas adultas sobre a placa para os dois primeiros experimentos e dez baratas adultas nas superfícies de azulejo para o terceiro experimento. A mortalidade foi avaliada 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 h após confinamento na superfície tratada. Verificou-se que os inseticidas foram eficientes para os três períodos de exposição. Para a área de exposição o inseticida cipermetrina apresentou a maior mortalidade que ocorreu na maior área. Na avaliação antes da lavagem os produtos resultaram em alta mortalidade, sendo a maior eficiência para o bendiocarb. Após a lavagem da superfície a maior eficiência foi do alfacipermetrina. A população de campo demonstrou ser mais resistente aos inseticidas do que a sensível. / Abstract: This work goes evaluate the mortality of two Blattella germanica populations due insecticide treatments, treated area and exposition times. The experiments were in Dept. Fitossanidade at UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The application of insecticides was realized in Potter's tower over Petri plates with times exposition of 2, 8 and 32 min, to insects, spraying volume of 1 mL per plate; in another test it was evaluate exposition sizes of 25, 50, 75 and 100% areas to B. germanica and spraying volume of 1 mL per plate. Another application was over surfaces coverage with tile using a knapsack sprayer to test effect for washing in the tiles. For this, cockroaches (sensitive and field populations) were exposed before and after tiles had been washed. The products were: gammacyalotrine, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina and cipermetrina, plus one check without application. Five cockroaches were confined over treated plates (first and second experiments) and ten over tile (third experiment). The mortality evaluation was 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after cockroaches exposure. In the first experiment the insecticides was efficient to cipermetrina that promoted higher mortality. In relation of exposure periods, in all times it was observed high mortality of cockroaches. To areas, the higher was in the bigger area of exposure. In the third experiment, insects exposed before washing it was verify high mortality of cockroaches, mainly with bendiocarb, while after that the higher mortality was verified with alfacipermetrina. Field cockroaches survived more than sensitive population. / Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Coorientadora: Nilza Maria Martinelli / Banca: Marcos Roberto Potenza / Banca: Sérgio Antonio de Bortoli / Mestre