Cunila spicata Benth. é uma planta aromática e medicinal utilizada popularmente no sul do Brasil como béquica, peitoral e sudorífera, e que apresenta comprovada atividade antiviral e anticonvulsiva. C. spicata é uma das 12 espécies sul-americanas do gênero Cunila (Lamiaceae) sendo encontrada em banhados e borda de mata de galeria no sul do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai. Dentro deste contexto, no presente trabalho foi avaliada a variabilidade genética e química de populações de C. spicata coletadas nas regiões nordeste e sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul, com vistas a formação de bancos de germoplasma, determinação de estratégias de preservação e uso sustentável. Os marcadores ISSR e RAPD mostraram-se eficientes na determinação de variabilidade genética desta espécie, permitindo a identificação de todas as populações e indivíduos avaliados. As populações de C. spicata caracterizam-se como grupos geneticamente estruturados. Entretanto, não foi constatada formação de agrupamentos dentro da espécie, nem relação entre as distâncias genéticas e geográficas, ou entre as populações originarias das duas regiões geográficas amostradas. Por outro lado, a análise da composição dos óleos essenciais das 10 populações permitiu separar as mesmas em dois quimiotipos caracterizados por elevada concentração de α-terpineol/limoneno, e linalol, respectivamente. As populações da região sudeste enquadraram-se dentro do quimiotipo linalol, enquanto as da região nordeste no quimiotipo α-terpineol/limoneno. A relação geográfica e química é indicativa da existência de pressão de seleção quanto ao tipo de óleo essencial da região de ocorrência. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-12-01T16:00:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcos Roberto Albuquerque.pdf: 1631570 bytes, checksum: d32cbb1d10de9a5f37eb7dd664ddc20d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T16:00:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcos Roberto Albuquerque.pdf: 1631570 bytes, checksum: d32cbb1d10de9a5f37eb7dd664ddc20d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq. / Cunila spicata Benth. is a medicinal and aromatic plant popularly used in South Brazil as bequic, expectorant and sudiriferous, and that has confirmed antiviral and anti-convulsive activities. C. spicata is one of the 12 South-American species of the genus Cunila( Lamiaceae) been currently found in swamps and borders of gallery forests in South Brazil, North Argentina and Uruguay. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the genetic and chemical variability of C. spicata populations collected at the northeast and southeast regions of Rio Grande do Sul, to subside the construction of a germplasm bank, to determine conservation strategies, and to develop a sustainable use of this species. ISSR and RAPD markers proved to be efficients for the determination of the genetic variability of this species, allowing the identification of all the populations and individuals. C. spicata populations were characterized as genetically structured groups. However, clusters within the species were not evident, and no relations were detected between geographic and genetic distances, or between populations of the two regions. Conversely, the analysis of essential oil composition allowed the populations in two chemotypes, characterized by high concentration of α-terpineol/limonene, and linalool, respectively. The populations of the southeast region belong to the linalool chemotype, and those from the northeast region to the a-terpineol/limonene chemotype. This geographical and chemical relation is indicative of different selection pressures in the two regions.

Cunila spicata Benth. é uma planta aromática e medicinal utilizada popularmente no sul do Brasil como béquica, peitoral e sudorífera, e que apresenta comprovada atividade antiviral e anticonvulsiva. C. spicata é uma das 12 espécies sul-americanas do gênero Cunila (Lamiaceae) sendo encontrada em banhados e borda de mata de galeria no sul do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai. Dentro deste contexto, no presente trabalho foi avaliada a variabilidade genética e química de populações de C. spicata coletadas nas regiões nordeste e sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul, com vistas a formação de bancos de germoplasma, determinação de estratégias de preservação e uso sustentável. Os marcadores ISSR e RAPD mostraram-se eficientes na determinação de variabilidade genética desta espécie, permitindo a identificação de todas as populações e indivíduos avaliados. As populações de C. spicata caracterizam-se como grupos geneticamente estruturados. Entretanto, não foi constatada formação de agrupamentos dentro da espécie, nem relação entre as distâncias genéticas e geográficas, ou entre as populações originarias das duas regiões geográficas amostradas. Por outro lado, a análise da composição dos óleos essenciais das 10 populações permitiu separar as mesmas em dois quimiotipos caracterizados por elevada concentração de α-terpineol/limoneno, e linalol, respectivamente. As populações da região sudeste enquadraram-se dentro do quimiotipo linalol, enquanto as da região nordeste no quimiotipo α-terpineol/limoneno. A relação geográfica e química é indicativa da existência de pressão de seleção quanto ao tipo de óleo essencial da região de ocorrência. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq. / Cunila spicata Benth. is a medicinal and aromatic plant popularly used in South Brazil as bequic, expectorant and sudiriferous, and that has confirmed antiviral and anti-convulsive activities. C. spicata is one of the 12 South-American species of the genus Cunila( Lamiaceae) been currently found in swamps and borders of gallery forests in South Brazil, North Argentina and Uruguay. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the genetic and chemical variability of C. spicata populations collected at the northeast and southeast regions of Rio Grande do Sul, to subside the construction of a germplasm bank, to determine conservation strategies, and to develop a sustainable use of this species. ISSR and RAPD markers proved to be efficients for the determination of the genetic variability of this species, allowing the identification of all the populations and individuals. C. spicata populations were characterized as genetically structured groups. However, clusters within the species were not evident, and no relations were detected between geographic and genetic distances, or between populations of the two regions. Conversely, the analysis of essential oil composition allowed the populations in two chemotypes, characterized by high concentration of α-terpineol/limonene, and linalool, respectively. The populations of the southeast region belong to the linalool chemotype, and those from the northeast region to the a-terpineol/limonene chemotype. This geographical and chemical relation is indicative of different selection pressures in the two regions.

D.Sc. (Zoology) / The spermatogenesis of two freshwater species from South Africa, Barbus marequensis and B. polylepis, and three fresh water species from Israel, B. canis, B. longiceps and Capoeta damascina, was studied. A histological comparison of the process of spermatogenesis was undertaken. The breeding cycle of B. marequensis, B. polylepis, B. canis, B. longiceps and C. damascina was similar to the breeding cycle of B. aeneus and four phases occured within the cycle. The four distinctive phases are post spawning phase, rest phase, pre-spawning phase and the spawning phase (Vlok, 1986) . During the post spawning phase a decline in sperm development is observed and possible lisosomal activity is responsible for the resorption of sperm cells not shed during the spawning phase. The presence of collagen structure provides a distinctive character to the tissue of the testis. The resting phase is characterised by the absence of the lobular structure and the testis is dominated by the collagen tissue. The testis is small and unobtrusive in the abdominal cavities of both species. At the onset of the pre-spawning phase, the testis is filled with spermatogonia. The lobular structure becomes more prominent and the interstitial tissue can be distinguished. Later during the phase, the synchronised development of sperm cells in the cysts of the lobules can be observed, whilst sperm cells in adjacent lobules are in different stages of development. During the spawning phase the testis of all species studied contain mature sperm . cells in the lumens of the lobules.

The Corral de Piedra community is located in Chiquimula, Guatemala. The main agricultural activities are corn and bean production, small-scale gardens, and small animal production, such as poultry and pigs. The crop areas are predominantly located on lands with slopes between 12 and 55%, presenting low fertility conditions and poor moisture retention capabilities. In addition, local crop varieties have low productivity potentials and the winter season is characterized by poorly distributed and erratic periods of rain. The Benson Institute introduced a technology transfer model to increase and diversify agricultural production, while preserving current natural resources. An integral part of this model included educating the community on nutrition and health topics. The school was considered to be the most appropriate place to introduce training and education in agriculture among students and community leaders, thus contributing to community development.

Traditional peoples are often described as "stewards of agricultural diversity", yet little research has been conducted on the determinants of agrodiversity. This thesis focuses on agrodiversity and how peasant farmers build and maintain cultivated plant diversity in home gardens found in three distinct traditional communities along the Maranon river in the Peruvian Amazon---an upland mixed agricultural village, a lowland agricultural village, and a lowland fishing village. Data were gathered through household surveys (n = 192) and in-depth interviews (n = 112). Substantial variation in cultivated plant diversity was found among and within villages. Residents with the highest home garden agrodiversity tend to be among the wealthier households, and are more likely to have both established their own garden, and tended it for longer periods. Complex planting material exchange networks underlie the establishment and maintenance of home garden agrodiversity. The results underscore the importance of studying local variations in agricultural diversity, and exchange networks that bring agricultural planting stock to peasant farmers.

Agrobiodiversity constitutes an essential resource for traditional rural populations. Home gardens are "hotspots" of agrobiodiversity and important loci of in situ conservation efforts. This study seeks to understand the factors affecting gardeners' choices and to assess the accessibility of planting material in rural communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Household surveys and garden inventories conducted in 15 villages of the Corrientes river (n = 300), and case studies in three of these villages (n = 89), allowed to describe the local and regional patterns of garden agrobiodiversity and the structure of planting material exchange networks. Analyses reveal a strong link between species diversity and both household cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, and village ethnicity and size. Planting material flows primarily through matrilineal bonds, from advice-givers to advice-seekers, from old to young and from rich to poor. Farmers with exceptional species diversity, propensity to give and/or expertise are identified and their role in the conservation of cultivated plants is assessed. Expertise is not found to be as closely related to high species diversity as expected, but knowledge and planting stock dissemination go hand-in-hand.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to combine two common diagnostic tools: serological kits and genetic fingerprinting to identify cherry leaf-roll nepovirus (CLRV), and to establish a marker system to characterize walnut germplasm. The detection of plant viruses is difficult. Restrictions are imposed for quarantine purposes on the importation of plant material from foreign countries. Modern techniques such as a PCR based screening method for CLRV are required to ensure material do not harbour viruses. A primer pair was designed to amplify a 430 bp non-coding homologous region. For the choice of primers, consensus sequences were considered and areas where the sequence data shared 98.5% homology, were chosen. The sensitivity of this detection method was 100-fold higher when compared to the ELISA. The PCR fragment was verified by nucleotide sequencing. AFLP technology was used to identify polymorphic fragments for 6 walnut cultivars and a rootstock, and SCARs were developed from AFLP specific bands. The AFLP technique distinguished all the walnut cultivars and the rootstock. However, conversion of AFLP fragments to SCAR markers for the development of a simple robust technique for cultivar discrimination, was not successful. Using 27 AFLP primer combinations, polymorphic fragments as high as 47.8% were scored. The reason for the lack of efficient conversion was as the result of the AFLP technique. The SCAR primers were generated from sequences internal to the AFLP primers but the specificity of the markers was in the AFLP primers not the internal sequence. In this study using AFLP, walnut cultivars were found to be closely related. The AFLP primer pairs used, provided polymorphic fragments. From these fragments, 7 SCAR markers were developed. It was expected that these SCARs derived from the AFLP markers would detect slight differences between cultivars. The Paradox SCAR marker was the only one that could divide the cultivars into two groups. When Chandler SCAR products were digested with the restriction enzyme Rsal, the same banding pattern as that of Paradox SCAR products was observed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om twee algemene opsporingstegnieke te kombineer: serologiese toetsstelle en genetiese vingerafdrukke om cherry leaf-roll nepovirus (CLRV) te eien en om In merkersisteem te ontwikkel wat okkerneut kiemplasma kan karakteriseer. Die opsporing van plant virusse is baie moeilik. As gevolg van kwarantyn vereistes, word daar beperkinge geplaas word op die invoer van plant materiaal vanuit die buiteland. Moderne tegnieke soos hierdie een wat op PKR berus, word benodig om te verseker dat CLRV nie in plantmateriaal teenwoordig is nie. In Stel inleiers is ontwerp wat In 430 bp nie-koderende homoloë area amplifiseer. Hiervoor is konsensus volgordes bestudeer en slegs die volgordes wat 98,5% homologie getoon het, is gekies. In vergelyking met ELISA was die sensitiwiteit van hierdie deteksie metode 100 maal beter. DNA volgordebepaling is op die resulterende fragment gedoen om die PKR produk te verifieer. AFLP tegnologie is gebruik om polimorfiese fraqmente vir 6 okkerneut kultivars en 'n onderstok te identifiseer en SCARs is uit hierdie fragmente ontwikkel. Die AFLP tegniek kon tussen al die okkerneut kultivars en die onderstok onderskei. Die omskakeling van die AFLP fragmente in SCAR merkers om sodoende In eenvoudige kragtige tegniek vir kultivar onderskeiding te ontwikkel, was egter nie suksesvol nie. Met die gebruik van 27 AFLP inleier kombinasies, kon polimorfiese fragmente van so hoog as 47.8% verkry word. Die rede hoekom omskakeling onsuksesvol was lê by die aard van die AFLP tegniek. Die SCAR inleiers is ontwikkel uit volyordes intern tot die AFLP inleiers, maar die spesifisiteit van die merkers het juis in die AFLP inleiers gelê en nie in die interne volgordes nie. In hierdie studie, met die gebruik van AFLP, is gevind dat okkerneut kultivars baie naby verwant is. Die AFLP inleierstelle wat gebruik is, het polimorfiese fragmente gelewer. Uit hierdie fragmente is 7 SCAR merkers ontwikkel. Daar is verwag dat die SCARs wat uit die AFLP merkers ontwikkel is, klein verskille tussen kultivars sou opspoor. Dit was egter net die Paradox SCAR merker wat die kultivars in twee groepe kon verdeel. Restriksie ensiem vertering met Rsalop die Chandler SCAR produkte het dieselfde bandpatrone as die van die Paradox SCAR produkte gelewer.

Resumo: O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar a variabilidade morfoagronômica de Passiflora cincinnata Mast., distribuída em diferentes regiões agroecológicas do Nordeste brasileiro. Foram utilizadas 32 características obtidas em experimento conduzido na Embrapa Semi-Árido, em Petrolina-PE, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. O desempenho dos acessos foi avaliado pela análise univariada e os estudos relativos à divergência genética foram realizados com base nos procedimentos multivariados, utilizando-se a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) e a técnica de agrupamento por variáveis canônicas. A dispersão gráfica dos acessos teve como eixos as primeiras variáveis canônicas. A estratégia de coleta de acessos de P. cincinnata mostrou-se efetiva porque os acessos coletados apresentaram variabilidade genética para todos os descritores utilizados na avaliação. Os caracteres mais importantes para discriminação entre acessos foram: diâmetro das hastes (DH), número de glândulas foliares (NGF), número de glândulas por bráctea (NGB), viabilidade de pólen (VP), massa do fruto (PF), massa da semente (MS) e massa total de frutos (MTF). Contudo, por serem caracteres influenciados pelo ambiente, os acessos devem ser avaliados em mais de um ambiente. O agrupamento dos acessos com base em suas variabilidades genéticas não foi correlacionado com sua origem geográfica. Foram obtidos acessos que, pela alta produtividade de frutos, podem ser recomendados para cultivos experimentais em áreas de produtores. / Abstract: The present work was developed aiming at evaluating the morphoagronomic variability of Passiflora cincinnata Mast., which is distributed in different agroecological regions in Northeast Brazil. Data from 32 characters were used in experiments, carried out at Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, Petrolina-PE, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The behaviour of accesses was evaluated by univariate analysis and the studies related to the genetic diversity were done based on the multivariate procedures, using the general distance of Mahalanobis (Dø) and the grouping technique by canonic variables. The graphic dispersion of the accesses used the first canonic variables as axis. The strategies for collecting the accesses of P. cincinnata proved to be effective because the collected accesses showed genetic variability for all the descriptors used in the evaluation. The most important characters for the discrimination among accesses were: stem diameter (SD), number of leaf glands (NLG), number of glands per bract (NGB), pollen viability (PV), fruit mass (FM), seed mass (SM) and total fruit mass (TFM). However, as the environment influences the characters, the accesses must be evaluated in more than one environment. Grouping of accesses based on their genetic variability was not correlated with their geographic origin. Since some accesses showed high fruit productivity, they can be recommended to farmers for experimental growing. / Orientador: Norberto da Silva / Coorientador: Manoel Abilio de Queiróz / Banca: Rumy Goto / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Grécia Cavalcanti da Silva / Banca: Natoniel Franklin de Melo / Doutor