Glass facades building, especially offices, always need shading devices to guarantee occupant's well-being and comfort. However, shading devices are often composed of shutters or fabric tents which creates dark interiors and do not allow access to view out. Moreover, they ruin the aesthetical appearance of glass facades. The study aims to research and propose an alternative shading system for glass facades building which can prevent from glare in the interior spaces as well as respecting the continuity of a glass facade from an exterior point of view. Research upon materials that can be integrated into glass has been carried and Ceramic ink digital printing has been found as the right technique to ensure both a functional and aesthetical value. The material today has been used mainly for decorative functions. The patterns and the colors of the shading device proposed with ceramic and digital ink printing have been tested in Deloitte Building in Copenhagen with both 3D digital models and an online survey investigating comfort preferences.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe buvo išanalizuota didelių įstiklintų atitvarų plotų įtaka šildymo ir vėsinimo energijos sąnaudoms. Atlikta stiklo paketų, jų terminių savybių bei pasyvių energijos taupymo priemonių taikymo apžvalga. Konkretiems objektams pasirinkti penki energijos poreikių analizės variantai. Nustatyta, kaip energijos poreikius įtakoja didžiausio įstiklinto pastato fasado orientacija pasaulio šalių atžvilgiu, skirtingos stiklo paketų optinės ir šiluminės savybės bei pasyvių energiją taupančių priemonių naudojimas. Išnagrinėta apie septyniasdešimt skaičiavimo variantų. Palyginti skirtingų vėsinimo poreikių skaičiavimo metodikų rezultatai. Atlikta 2009 – 2010 m. šildymo sezono vidutinių išorės oro temperatūrų analizė. Natūrinėmis sąlygomis nustatytas patalpų oro temperatūros ir santykinio drėgnumo kitimas ir palyginta su reglamentuojamomis vertėmis. Nagrinėjamajame objekte atlikta skaičiuojamųjų ir faktinių šilumos suvartojimų, perskaičiuotų į norminius dydžius, palyginamoji analizė. / The Master's degree paper analyses the influence of large glazed areas of heating and cooling energy costs. Carried out the review of glazing, their thermal properties and the passive energy saving measures. The analysis of five options for energy needs of certain objects has been done. Established the affect to energy needs of the largest glazed façade orientation of the world's countries, different glazing optical and thermal properties and passive energy-saving tools. Examined about seventy calculation options. The results of different methods of calculating the cooling needs have been compared. Carried out the average outside air temperature analysis in 2009 - 2010 heating season. At subsistence conditions the indoor air temperature and relative humidity has been identified, and compared with the governing values. The comparative analysis in considered object of estimated and actual consumption of heat, expressed in the normative values, has been done.

Syfte: Att undersöka effekterna vid ersättning av större delar av fasader ikontorsbyggnader med glas, där fokus ligger på energianvändning samtkoldioxidutsläpp. Metod: Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer, litteraturstudier och dokumentanalys. Resultat: En kontorsbyggnad studerades med hänsyn till den specifikaenergianvändningen och koldioxidutsläppen. Glasarean och fasadarea beräknades förden befintliga byggnaden. Sedan utökades glasarean i fasaden från 30 % till 50respektive 70 %. Resultatet visade att en ökning från 30 % till 50 % minskade denspecifika energianvändningen för samtliga fyra energiberäkningar som utfördes iGöteborg, Lund, Stockholm och Umeå. Däremot ökade den specifikaenergianvändningen för samtliga fall vid en ökning från 50 % till 70 %. Vid analyseringav koldioxidutsläppen fick man fram att koldioxidhalten alltid minskade vid ökning avglasarea. Konsekvenser: Rapporten visar tydligt att det finns ett problem gällandeenergiförbrukning och koldioxidutsläpp idag. Byggregler och råd ska följas utavbyggbranschen för att uppnå målen som EU har satt upp. Studien visar att det finns etttydligt samband mellan koldioxidutsläppen och ökningen av glasarean dock saknadesdetta samband för energianvändningen. Begränsningar: Arbetet begränsas till att undersöka en kontorsbyggnad medbetongstomme belägen i Göteborg, Stockholm, Lund och Umeå. Glasets arkitektoniskaperspektiv behandlas inte och påverkar därav inte val eller placering av glaspartier,glaset har inte några bärande egenskaper. / Purpose: To investigate the effects of replacing major parts of facades in officebuildings with glass, focusing on the energy use and the carbon dioxide emissions Method: Qualitative semi- structured interviews, literature studies and documentanalysis. Findings: An office building was studied with regard to the specific energy use andcarbon dioxide emissions. The glass area and façade area were calculated for theexisting building. Then the glass area was expanded from 30 % to 50% and 70%respectively. The result showed that an increase from 30% to 50% decreased thespecific energy use for all four energy calculations carried out in Gothenburg, Lund,Stockholm and Umeå. On the other hand, the specific energy use for all cases increasedwhen expanding the glass area from 50% to 70%. When analyzing carbon dioxideemissions, it was found that the carbon dioxide content always reduced as a result ofthe increasing glass area.Implications: The report clearly shows that there is a problem regarding energyconsumption and carbon dioxide emissions today. Building rules and advice should befollowed by the construction industry in order to achieve the goals set by the EU. Thestudy shows that there is a clear connection between carbon dioxide emissions and theincrease in the glass area, however, this connection was lacking for the energy use. Limitations: The work is limited to investigating an office building with concreteframes located in Gothenburg, Stockholm, Lund and Umeå. The architecturalperspective of the glass is not considered and therefore it does not influence theselection nor does placement of the glass portions, the glass have no bearing attributes.

The thesis project is a two-storey motorshow in Ostrava Poruba. It is a detached building with a second floor just above the ground brick part of the ground floor . The building is designed for sales and service of car . In front of the first floor is a shop with WC intended for the customers. Behind this section is on the first floor the facilities for employees , WC , kitchen, two showers and changing rooms . There is also a quick intake for 2 cars. On the second floor are located the office with separate WC . For this part of the building is the last part of a car dealership and service. Here you will find desktop with three separate workning places , part intended for minor repairs , drive trough car wash , paint shop , utility room and a spare parts warehouse . The structural system of the building consists of a steel construction with reinforcing brick core . The cladding of first floor consists from infill brickwork Heluz 20 with contact insulation system . The cladding of second floor from bearing brickwork Heluz P15 30 with a contact insulation system . The construction of the roof deck consists of single-layer straight roof . The supporting structure is made of concrete slab concreting trapezoidal sheet metal deposited on steel lattice girders. The roof deck is insulated with polystyrene EPS 150S . The waterproofing layer is made of two layers of modified bitumen sheet with reinforcements.

Glass has sophisticated front properties and are used as facades in high buildings. During cold periods, these glass facades could cause thermal discomfort, due to cold downdraught. Cold downdraught can be countered by placing heaters under glass surfaces. Nowadays technology offers highly insulating windows, which is why there is an interest to investigate the indoor climate with only underfloor heating. The research in this area is limited, and few empirical methods are available. Theoretical analysis has begun but it still brand new. The aim of this investigation was to present the thermal indoor climate influenced by various parameters, such as outdoor temperature, U-value and the glass height. The results were also meant to be used as reference tools in future projects. A reference building was modeled in simulation software called CFD Star-CCM+. The assignment was initiated by Incoord, a leading consulting company in energy, indoor climate and installation planning. The results showed that the air velocity increases with decreasing outdoor temperature and decreases with increasing thermal insulation (lower U-value). At the edges of the glass the air velocity becomes twice as large compared to the velocity of the air in the middle of the atrium. The air velocity (maximum and average) at 0.1 m above the floor is always higher than at 2.0 m. The lowest air velocities start from about 0.25 m/s at 0 ℃ and reaches to 0.60 m/s at -20 ℃. That means these air velocities are too high for what is accepted as a good indoor climate, where the maximum allowable air velocity is 0.15 m/s. The outdoor temperatures and the glass facade’s U-value also have an effect on the surface temperature of the glass facade. This decreases the surface temperature with decreased outdoor temperature, and the surface temperature increases at lower U-value. The height of the glass facades proved to affect both the air velocity in the occupied zone and in the glass surface temperature. The air velocity increases with the glass’ height. The increase is higher at 0.1 m than at 2.0 m above the floor. The result shows also that the average air velocity is lower than 0,15 m/s at window height lower than 5 m. But, at the same height the maximum air velocity is higher than 0.3 m/s. The surface temperature of the glass facades increases with the glass’ height. This is because the indoor heat transfer coefficient increases with height. The outdoor heat transfer coefficient is a function of the wind speed and was assumed to be constant. The underfloor heating, which is represented in the simulations with a floor surface temperature of 27 ℃, is not enough to maintain a good indoor climate in any of simulations. The results of this thesis showed a strong relation between indoor climate, outdoor temperature, U-value and the glass height. This study also showed that the floor heating is not enough to counteract the cold draft during extreme cold periods, in high glass buildings. The presented results can be used as a reference tool for the assessment of air velocities and surface temperatures, in similar high buildings.

The theme of master´s thesis is treated newly built medical facility - polyclinics in Piestany. This work aims to develop project documentation for building construction. The building is partial basement four- storey. The building is designed as a monolithic reinforced concrete frame with infill exterior walls of ceramic blocks Porotherm. The ceiling structure consists of reinforced concrete slabs. The facility is designed flat and pitched roof with single-layer vegetation. In the building surgery for doctors, nurses, dressing room, pharmacy, cafe-bar, administrative part. In the basement there is a technical background as an engine room ventilation, boiler room, storage. Outside, next to the building is a terrace, which is for cafe-bar customers and also there is a playground.