The human brain is a complex organ that is responsible for regulating all the physiological processes in the body, ranging from memory to movement. As humans age, the brain goes through a variety of changes including a reduction in glymphatic waste clearance and increase in glial reactivity. Two neurological conditions that affect individuals over the age of 65 include glioblastoma (GBM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, patients with GBM do not present with AD and vice versa. Both conditions are characterized by a disruption in interstitial fluid flow (IFF) and an increase in neuroinflammation. Throughout the following dissertation, we examined the role of IFF in AD and GBM progression using a three-sided approach (in vivo, in vitro, and in silico). Increased IFF underlies glioma invasion into the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) in GBM. We used a 3D hydrogel model of the GBM TME to examine potential pathways by which astrocytes and microglia contribute to glioma invasion. A reduction in IFF contributes to accumulation of the toxic protein amyloid beta (Aβ) in AD. We sought to create a novel, patient-inspired model of the AD hippocampus for examination of the relationship between IFF and Aβ clearance. Human AD and unaffected control hippocampal brain samples were stained for markers of neurons, astrocytes, microglia and Aβ. The percentage of each cell population in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was calculated. We also analyzed the amount and characteristics of the Aβ aggregates present in this hippocampal region. Pearson correlation analysis was completed to assess the relationships between the various cell populations, Aβ load, and patient descriptors. The cell ratios gleaned from the patient samples were incorporated into a novel, 3D hydrogel model of the AD hippocampus. This model features a hydrogel mixture like the native brain extracellular matrix (ECM) and allows for the application of IFF and Aβ. To our knowledge, we are the first group to create a patient-specific triculture model of the AD hippocampus, which is the main site of Aβ aggregation in the AD brain. We used this model to examine the relationship between IFF-mediated Aβ clearance and glial reactivity. The last aim of this dissertation was to create a computational model for examining Aβ binding within the ECM and the effects of IFF on Aβ clearance. In vitro experiments were conducted to generate 3D renderings of glial cells and to determine relevant parameters for our model. Throughout this work, we discuss the relationship between disruption in IFF and glial reactivity in the context of GBM and AD. / Doctor of Philosophy / The human brain is a complex organ that is responsible for regulating all the physiological processes in the body, ranging from memory to movement. As humans age, the brain goes through a variety of changes including a reduction in brain waste removal and an increase in inflammation. Two neurological conditions that affect individuals over the age of 65 include glioblastoma (GBM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, patients with GBM do not present with AD and vice versa. Both conditions are characterized by a disruption in brain interstitial fluid flow (IFF) and an increase in neuroinflammation. Throughout the following dissertation, we examined the role of IFF in AD and GBM progression using a three-sided approach including analysis of mouse and human tissues, engineered cell models, and computational methods. Specific interactions between brain cell types and their relationships with glioma invasion were examined using a 3D cell model that mimics the brain. Through the work presented here, we also sought to create a novel cell model of the hippocampus region located in the AD brain. We quantified the various cell types in the hippocampus of AD patient samples and incorporated this information into our hydrogel model. The resulting model features three brain cell types (astrocytes, microglia, and neurons) that are added at patient relevant ratios, a matrix that mimics the native brain scaffold, and allows for the application of IFF. In the AD brain there is a reduction in brain waste removal that leads to accumulation of the toxic protein amyloid beta (Aβ). We were successfully able to incorporate this protein within our model so we could assess the relationship between IFF and Aβ removal from the brain. We further studied this relationship using a new computational model of Aβ accumulation in the brain. Throughout this work, we discuss the connection between disrupted IFF and neuroinflammation in the context of GBM and AD.

Les lésions de la moelle épinière (LME) touchent 2.5 à 4 millions de personnes dans le monde (40 000 en France). Les LME induisent des symptômes sensitifs et moteurs conduisant, pour les lésions les plus sévères, à une tétraplégie complète. L’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) est la seule méthode permettant le suivi des patients ayant une lésion de la moelle épinière.Dans cette étude, nous avons développé un suivi IRM in vivo qui permet d'identifier avec précision chez la souris et le primate non-humain la progression d’une lésion médullaire dans différents contextes. L’objectif étant d’utiliser les mêmes techniques chez l’Homme et chez l’animal. En particulier, nous avons montré que les souris CX3CR1+/eGFP et Aldh1l1-EGFP qui expriment respectivement une protéine fluorescente (eGFP) dans les microglies et les astrocytes présentent une récupération fonctionnelle différente, les CX3CR1 +/eGFP récupérant mieux. Afin d’identifier si ces récupérations sont associées à une évolution lésionnelle différentielle, nous avons effectué un suivi longitudinal en utilisant l’IRM pondérée T2 in vivo. Nous avons aussi réalisé des analyses approfondies des tissus de la moelle épinière en utilisant deux techniques d'IRM ex vivo (IRM en pondération T2 et en diffusion) ainsi qu'une analyse histologique détaillée. Enfin, nous avons effectué un suivi longitudinal de l'évolution de la lésion sur un groupe supplémentaire de souris en utilisant l’IRM pondérée en diffusion in vivo. Les analyses IRM pondérée en T2 ex vivo, in vivo et l'histologie n'ont révélé aucune différence au niveau lésionnel entre les deux souches de souris. Au contraire, les IRM pondérées diffusion en ex vivo et in vivo ont permis l’identification d’une plus faible surface lésionnelle à l'épicentre chez les souris CX3CR1+/eGFP, la souche ayant une meilleure récupération fonctionnelle.Nous avons ensuite évalué l’impact d’une stratégie thérapeutique consistant en la modulation de la cicatrice gliale, principale limitation de la repousse axonale après une lésion médullaire. Cette modulation, consiste en une déplétion pharmacologique transitoire de la prolifération des microglies et son évaluation a été réalisée par un suivi en imagerie puis en histologie des animaux traités ou non. Le suivi IRM n’a pas permis d‘identifier une différence entre les animaux traités et non-traités en terme d’extension et de volume lésionnel. Par contre, nous avons observé une différence dans le coefficient de diffusion apparent parallèle (ADC//, gradient de diffusion appliqué dans la direction des axones) entre les deux groupes, attestant de l’effet du traitement sur l’organisation cellulaire après une LME.Enfin, nous avons utilisé l’IRM in et ex vivo pour caractériser un nouveau modèle de lésion de la moelle épinière sur un primate non-humain. Nous avons démontré qu’une hémisection latérale de la moelle épinière chez Microcebus murinus est un modèle reproductible de LME chez le primate non-humain qui pourrait être utilisé pour promouvoir une transition vers la recherche translationnelle.Nous avons donc caractérisé l’utilisation de l’IRM in vivo et ex vivo dans la mise en place d’une comparaison entre deux souches de souris présentant une récupération différente après une LME. De même, le suivi in et ex vivo chez une autre espèce, Microcebus murinus, un primate non-humain, a permis la caractérisation d’un nouveau modèle de LME. Enfin, l’IRM a permis de détecter une différence de coefficient de diffusion provoquée par la déplétion spécifique et transitoire des microglies dans un contexte de LME. / Spinal cord injuries (SCI) affect 2.5 to 4 million people worldwide (40,000 in France). SCI induce sensory and motor symptoms leading to complete tetraplegia for the most severe lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the only method used to follow patients with a spinal cord injury.In this study, we have developed an in vivo MRI follow-up that accurately assess the progression of a lesion of the spinal cord in mice and non-human primates. The objective being to use the same techniques in humans and animals.In particular, we showed that the CX3CR1+/eGFP and Aldh1l1-EGFP mice, that respectively express a fluorescent protein (eGFP) in microglia and astrocytes exhibit different functional recovery, and a better one is observed in CX3CR1+/eGFP mice. In order to identify whether these recoveries are associated with a differential evolution of the lesion, we performed a longitudinal follow-up using T2-weighted in vivo MRI. We also performed additional analyzes of spinal cord tissues using two ex vivo MRI (T2 and diffusion weighted MRI) as well as detailed histological analysis. Finally, we implemented our analysis with a longitudinal in vivo diffusion-weighted MRI follow-up of lesion evolution on an additional group of mice. Ex and in vivo T2-weighted MRI analyzes as well as histological assessment revealed no difference in lesion between the two mouse strains. Conversely, ex and in vivo diffusion-weighted MRI allowed identifying a lower lesion area at the epicenter in CX3CR1+/eGFP mice, the strain that recovers better.We then evaluated the impact of a therapeutic strategy based on the modulation of the glial scar that plays a major role on the absence of spontaneous axonal regrowth after spinal cord injury. This modulation consists in a transient pharmacological depletion of microglia proliferation and its evaluation was carried out by an imaging and histological follow-up of treated and un-treated animals. MRI monitoring did not permit to identify a difference in lesion extension and volume between groups. However, we observed a difference in parallel apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC//, diffusion gradient applied in axons direction) detected between the two groups, attesting of an effect of the treatment on the cellular organization after an SCI.Finally, we used in and ex vivo MRI to characterize a new model of spinal cord injury in a non-human primate. We demonstrated that a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord in Microcebus murinus is a reproducible non-human primate model of SCI that could be further used to promote translational research.We therefore characterized the use of in and ex vivo MRI to compare two mouse strains with different recovery after SCI. Similarly, the in and ex vivo follow-up of another species, Microcebus murinus, a nonhuman primate, allowed the characterization of a new SCI model. Finally, using MRI we detected a difference in parallel diffusion coefficient that was induced by the specific and transient depletion of microglia in a SCI context.