Diabetes associated complications make management during exercise complex (Brugnara, Vinaixa, Murillo, Samino, Rodriguez, Beltran, Lerin, Davison, Correig & Novials, 2012). Research on the prevention of such challenges is of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of three different carbohydrate supplementation protocols on blood glucose levels after every 10 minutes of a 60 minute exercise bout at 65 to 75 % HRR on the treadmill as well as every half hour during a two hour post exercise recovery period. The three protocols implemented after a standardized pre-exercise meal were: control protocol (no carbohydrate supplementation), protocol 1 (one carbohydrate supplementation of 15 grams given at 30 minutes) and protocol 2 (two carbohydrate supplementation of 15 grams given at 30 minutes and 45 minutes). A total of 32 participants took part in the study (Mean age: 32.84 ±12.12). All participants were submitted to all three protocols. Statistical and practical significant differences were found between blood glucose levels of protocol 0 and protocol 1 (MDIF = 2.62 ± 3.99 mmol.L--‐1) at 20 minutes of the exercise duration (p=.024;d=0.42). Statistical and practical significant differences in blood glucose levels with protocol 0 rendering the higher glucose values were also found between protocols 0 and 2 at 10 minutes (MDIF = 3.44 ± 5.54 mmol.L--‐1; p=.001;d=0.62), 20 minutes (MDIF = 3.32 ± 5.23 mmol.L--‐1; p=.001;d=0.63) and 30 minutes of exercise (MDIF = 2.81 ± 5.40 mmol.L--‐1; p=.006;d=0.52) as well as between the mean minimum (M0 = 9.49 ± 4.51 mmol.L--‐1 and M2 = 7.28 ± 4.07 mmol.L--‐1; p=.013;d=0.46), mean maximum (M0 = 12.73 ± 5.51 mmol.L--‐1 and M2 = 10.07 ± 4.63 mmol.L--‐1; p=.015;d=0.46) and overall mean (M0 = 9.07 ± 4.88 mmol.L--‐1 and M2 = 8.53 ± 4.25 mmol.L--‐1; p=.011;d=0.48) with protocol 0 rendering the higher glucose values in all these comparisons. It was concluded that carbohydrate supplementation during exercise affects blood glucose levels positively particularly considering the significant difference found between protocol 0 and 2. Whilst protocol 2 also resulted in less fluctuations in the blood glucose levels during exercise and minimum, overall mean and maximum blood glucose values were closer to “normal/safe” range, there was no conclusive evidence that protocol 2 was better than protocol 1.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the overall changes in concentration of plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), red blood cell PLP (rbc PLP) and plasma glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in persons with diabetes mellitus (DM), and to test the hypothesis that the decrease in plasma PLP concentration that occurs with increasing plasma glucose would be explained by a subsequent increase in rbc PLP concentration. A second objective was to compare the distribution of PLP between the red blood cell and the plasma (as measured by the rbc PLP/ plasma PLP ratio) in persons with diabetes to the distribution in non-diabetic controls. The third objective was to measure fasting plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and to compare it to fasting plasma PLP concentrations, fasting rbc PLP concentrations, and the rbc PLP/plasma PLP ratio. The purpose of this third objective was to test the hypothesis that an increased plasma AP activity in persons with DM would be associated with decreased plasma PLP and increased rbc PLP concentrations. The study included 8 persons (3F; 5M) with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 9 persons (5F; 4M) with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 18 healthy control individuals (9F; 9M). All subjects were given a 75 gm oral D-glucose dose, and blood was drawn at 0 (fasting), 30, 60 and 120 minutes after the glucose load. Plasma glucose, PLP, insulin, and rbc PLP concentrations were measured at all time points during the OGTT. Fasting plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, percent glycosylated hemoglobin (%GlyHb), and the ratio between fasting rbc PLP and fasting plasma PLP were also determined. In general, females with DM were in poorer diabetic control as compared to males with DM. Mean fasting glucose levels, %GlyHb and body mass index (BMI) were highest in females with DM as compared to all other groups, and fasting insulin was nearly 2x higher in females with NIDDM as compared to males with NIDDM. There was an overall decrease in plasma PLP during the OGTT with increasing plasma glucose, which agrees with results from other studies. The overall decrease in plasma PLP (as measured by the negative, cumulative area under the curve: -AUC plp) was significantly correlated with the overall increase in plasma glucose (as measured by the positive, cumulative area under the curve: +AUC glu) for all study groups. The relationship was stronger in all males, and control females as compared to females with diabetes (p< 0.001 vs. p< 0.01, respectively). This difference was in part explained by lower mean fasting PLP levels in females with DM (19.3 nmol/L), as compared to males with DM (47.2nmol/L) and male and female controls (35.4 nmol/L and 34.0 nmol/L, respectively). The changes in rbc PLP during the OGTT were minimal, and did not significantly correlate with the increase in plasma glucose or the decrease in plasma PLP. Thus, the acute drop in plasma PLP concentration that occurred during the OGTT was not explained by a subsequent increase in rbc PLP concentration, as had been hypothesized. However, the higher than normal % glycosylated hemoglobin levels along with elevated rbc PLP concentrations in persons with diabetes as compared to controls suggests that chronically elevated blood glucose can contribute to increased rbc PLP concentrations. This was the first study to date that has measured rbc PLP in persons with diabetes mellitus. Rbc PLP values for persons with DM were 20-40% greater than respective control values at all time points during the OGTT. These differences between mean rbc PLP in persons with DM as compared to control groups were all statistically significant (p< 0.05) with the exception of the difference in the mean fasting rbc PLP value for females with NIDDM as compared to controls. The mean values ± standard deviations (SD) for fasting rbc PLP (nmol/L) were as follows: Females-IDDM, 49.5 ± 6.5; NIDDM, 39.3 ± 4.9; controls, 31.4 ± 9.0; Males-IDDM, 37.8 ± 10.9; NIDDM, 45.6 ± 12.3; controls, 28.3 ± 4.4. The ratio of fasting rbc PLP concentration to fasting plasma PLP concentration was 2-3x higher in females with DM as compared to control females and all male groups. Females with IDDM had a ratio of 3.2, and the ratio for females with NIDDM was 2.2. The ratios for all male groups, and control females were approximately 1:1, with a range of 0.8-1.2. The mean fasting plasma AP activity was within the normal range for all study groups. However, females with DM had higher AP activity (0.543 μkat/L) as compared to female controls and males with DM (0.408 μkat/L, .425 μkat/L, respectively p<0.05). There were no significant differences in mean fasting plasma AP activity between any male group (range 0.390-0.465 μkat/L). These results suggest that increased plasma glucose levels, increased AP activity, and overall poor glycemic control contribute to decreased plasma PLP concentrations, increased rbc PLP concentrations, and possibly to changes in the PLP distribution within the body. / Graduation date: 1994

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1938 L51

No description available.

Leung Siu Wai. / Bibliography: leaves 135-150 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

This thesis involves an investigation in three areas; first, a study of an enzymatic-gravimetric method for the analysis of dietary fibre; second, a survey of dietary fibre intake in an area of a developing country, and finally, some observations on the functional aspects of gel-forming dietary fibre in the rat. A simple and rapid enzymatic-gravimetric assay for both soluble and insoluble dietary fibre has been critically investigated. Reference samples were also analysed by a more comprehensive, enzymatic gas chromatographic method to allow testing of the relative accuracy of the enzymatic-gravimetric method. The enzymatic-gravimetric method was found to be highly reproducible but gave a slightly higher value for total dietary fibre than the more comprehensive method. This discrepancy is probably due to the presence of small quantities of resistant starch and protein residue which are recovered in the enzymatic-gravimetric method. In the enzymatic-gas chromatographic method, protein residue is not measured, and resistant starch is estimated, but not counted as dietary fibre. The enzymatic-gravimetric method was applied to the analysis of foods commonly consumed in the Padang region of West Sumatra in Indonesia, in order to estimate dietary fibre intake in the region. Daily intakes of usual foods were estimated by use of a 24-hour recall procedure aided by food photographs to assist in the estimation of portion size. Samples of approximately 60 of the most commonly consumed foods were collected and analysed for dietary fibre. These appear to be the first data which report values for dietary fibre in Indonesion foods and they represent a significant improvement upon the existing data on crude fibre content. Knowledge of the amounts of foods usually consumed and their dietary fibre content allowed an estimation of usual intakes of dietary fibre. Fibre intake was found to be lower than in the developing countries of Africa and was comparable to intakes measured in the U.K. This is the first study to show that in this part of South East Asia, a developing country area using polished rice as a staple food, dietary fibre intakes are as low as in Western countries. Low intakes of fibre are believed to be related to the prevalence of a range of diseases and, in this study, preliminary data on the rates of non-infective, chronic diseases were collected from the two main hospitals in West Sumatra. Chronic, non-infectious diseases such as inguinal hernia, appendicitis, haemorrhoids, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and malignant neoplasms of the rectum are relatively frequent in West Sumatra. While no firm conclusions can be drawn from these data, they do show the possibility of a relationship between low intakes of dietary fibre and the prevalence of these diseases, and suggest that further investigation is necessary. Some observations were made of the effect of gel-forming dietary fibre on stomach emptying and intestinal transit rate in the rat. Xanthan gum was added to iso-osmotic solutions to produce increased viscosity and phenol sulphonphthalein (phenol red) was used as a non-absorbable marker. Gavage feeding of solutions with a range of viscosities was used to study the effect of viscosity on the rate of stomach emptying and intestinal transit. Increased viscosity was observed to slow gastro-intestinal transit and this provides one mechanism by which dietary fibre of the gel-forming type ray improve glucose tolerance.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-67). Also available via the Internet.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive decline. Clinical data suggest that diabetes may be a risk factor for AD and several studies have linked pro-diabetic diets with an acceleration of AD pathology. Consequently, we hypothesized that the 3xTg AD-like mouse model may show impaired glucose tolerance, therefore; we examined whether glucose tolerance was altered in the 3xTg mouse model of AD early in the pathogenesis (prior to Abeta plaques, neurofibrillary tangle sand cognitive decline) and if so, did it persist throughout. Specifically, 1, 2-3, 4-6, 8-10 and 17 month old male 3xTg mice and wild-type counterparts were assessed for fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance, plasma insulin levels, insulin sensitivity and the neural and behavioral pathological characteristics of AD. At 1 month, 3xTg mice compared to wild-type controls exhibited impaired glucose tolerance during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT), a trend for reduced fasting plasma insulin levels at time 0 and significantly reduced fasting plasma insulin levels 15 minutes post glucose bolus suggesting a possible defect in beta cell function. Interestingly, the glucose intolerance was not a consequence of altered food intake or body weight since these parameters were similar between the 3xTg mice and wild-type controls. Moreover, responsiveness to exogenous insulin during the intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test was not significantly different suggesting equivalent insulin sensitivity. During aging both 3xTg mice and controls exhibited exacerbated changes in fasting glucose levels and glucose tolerance. Interestingly, while control animals show an increase in fasting insulin levels with age, 3xTg mice do not. Immunohistochemical staining for 6E10 and Abeta 1-42 revealed only intraneuronal deposition of reaction product in 3xTg mice with no extracellular depositions noted until 14 months of age. Immunoreactivity of p-tau was observed at 1 month in the hippocampus and cortex and worsened throughout the time period examined. Behavioral deficits began to be detected in 3xTg mice relative to wild-type controls at 21 months of age. The islets in the pancreas suggest that at 2-3 months of age 3xTg mice compared to wild-type controls have a significantly lower amount of immunoreactivity for insulin within their islets although islet size did not differ between groups and this persisted throughout all the time points examined (4-6 and 8-10 months). Taken together, these data reveal that the AD-like 3xTg mouse model exhibits a pro-diabetic phenotype early in the development of AD-like pathology and that this metabolic deficit persists throughout their lifespan raising the question of whether altered glucose regulation and insulin production/secretion could contribute to AD pathogenesis.