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L’orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) est l'une des céréales les plus importantes du monde et l’une des premières cultures domestiquées. Elle a été utilisée pendant des siècles pour l'alimentation humaine. Comme toutes les autres plantes, l'orge est dépendante de l'azote inorganique. L’efficacité de remobilisation de l'azote est donc très importante pour le remplissage des grains et pour la teneur en protéines du grain. L'objectif de ce travail est de donner une image du métabolisme des feuilles sénescence chez l'orge lorsque les plantes sont cultivées dans des conditions limitantes ou non en nitrates. Les analyses biochimiques, physiologiques et moléculaires de la sénescence des feuilles d'orge ont été réalisées. La gestion de l'azote pendant la sénescence des feuilles a été suivie par l'évolution des différents composés azotés au cours du vieillissement de la feuille. Une étude de profilage métabolique a été effectuée afin de déterminer les caractéristiques métaboliques de la sénescence des feuilles dans l'orge. En parallèle, les enzymes impliquées dans la remobilisation de l'azote ont été étudiées. Leurs activités et les niveaux de leurs transcripts ont été mesurés. Une attention particulière a été portée aux glutamine synthétases et asparagine synthétases et aux protéines de la machinerie de l'autophagie, processus connus pour jouer un rôle dans la remobilisation de l'azote pendant la sénescence des feuilles. A partir de toutes les données de séquences disponibles, ADNc, EST et séquences génomiques, cinq gènes codant pour les isoformes de glutamine synthétase cytosoliques (GS1), cinq gènes codant pour les isoformes d’asparagine synthétase (AS) isoformes et 19 gènes codant pour des protéines de la machinerie de l'autophagie ont été identifiés. Les expressions de tous les gènes identifiés ont été suivies au cours de la sénescence des feuilles et en fonction de l'alimentation en nitrates. La plupart de ces gènes sont sur-exprimés dans les feuilles sénescentes et de façon différentielle en fonction des conditions de nutrition. Toutes les données de séquences fournies par ce travail seront utiles à d'autres études translationelles et d'association génétique. / Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals in the world. It was one of the first domesticated crops and was used for centuries for human food. As all plants, barley has a fundamental dependence of inorganic nitrogen and nitrogen remobilization efficiency is very important for grain filling and grain protein content. The aim of this work was then to give a picture of the leaf-senescence metabolism in barley leaves when plants are grown under low or high nitrate conditions. Biochemical, physiological and molecular analyses of barley leaf senescence were performed. Nitrogen management during leaf senescence was monitored measuring changes in the different nitrogen pools during leaf ageing. In addition a large metabolite profiling study was performed in order to determine the metabolic hallmarks of leaf senescence in barley. In parallel enzymes involved in nitrogen remobilization were studied measuring their activity and the transcript levels of their coding genes. There was a special focus on glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase enzymes and for autophagy machinery that are known to play a role in nitrogen remobilisation during leaf senescence.From all the sequences data available, cDNA, EST and genomic sequences, we could identified five genes coding for cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1), five genes coding for asparagine synthetase (AS) and 19 genes coding for autophagy machinery proteins. Transcript levels of all the genes identified were monitored during leaf senescence and depending on nitrate nutrition. Most of these genes were over-expressed in senescing leaves and differentially expressed depending on nitrate conditions. In addition to the characterization of autophagy, GS1 and ASN genes, phylogenic and gene structures were analysed. All the sequences data provided by this work will be helpful to further translational and genetic association studies.

O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes que mais altera a produtividade das plantas forrageiras e as formas de fornecimento desse nutriente podem alterar as respostas das plantas. Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações morfogênicas, nutricionais, metabólicas e produtivas do capim tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), em função do fornecimento de doses de nitrogênio e proporções de NO3-/NH4+ na solução nutritiva. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com emprego de substrato inerte e avaliando três doses de nitrogênio para fornecer nutrição baixa, intermediária e alta em nitrogênio (3, 15 e 27 mmol L-1) e três proporções de NO3-/NH4+ não fornecendo e até suprindo amônio em relativo excesso (100/0, 70/30 e 40/60). As plantas foram submetidas a dois cortes da parte aérea e as raízes foram coletadas após o segundo corte. Foram avaliados o número de folhas e perfilhos, taxas de aparecimento de folhas e perfilhos, área foliar, produção de massa seca de parte aérea e de raízes, concentrações de nitrogênio total, NO3- e NH4+ nos tecidos vegetais, valor SPAD, concentrações de malondealdeído (MDA) e peróxido de hidrogênio e atividades das enzimas redutase do nitrato, glutamina sintetase, catalase, superóxido dismutase e glutationa redutase. A baixa dose de nitrogênio comprometeu a área foliar e produção de massa seca em ambos os crescimentos do capim tanzânia. O excesso de amônio na solução nutritiva também foi responsável pela área foliar e menor massa de parte aérea e de raízes. Elevadas concentração de MDA e peróxido foram encontrados nos componentes da parte aérea de plantas crescidas sob doses de nitrogênio com proporção de NO3-/NH4+ de 40/60, indicando estresse oxidativo nessas plantas. O estresse ocasionado pelo fornecimento exclusivo da forma nítrica ou pelo excesso de amônio resultou na indução de uma nova banda de SOD no sistema radicular do capim tanzânia, o que sugere que essa enzima tenha sido mais responsiva na eliminação de EROs no sistema radicular. / Nitrogen is one of the nutrients that most improve forage grass productivity and the forms of this nutrient supply may affect plant responses. The objectives were to evaluate morphogenic, nutritional, metabolic and productive changes in tanzânia guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), as realated to the supply of nitrogen rates and NO3-/NH4+ proportions in the nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, by an inert substrate and testing three nitrogen rates to supply low, intermediate and hight nitrogen nutrition and three NO3-/NH4+ proportions (100/0, 70/30, 40/60) to have no ammonium up to relative excess ammonium. Plants had shoots harvested two times and roots were collected after the second harvest. Plant evaluations included number of leaves and tillers, leaf and tiller appearance rates, leaf area, shoots and roots dry matter production, plant tissue concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium, SPAD value, concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, and activities of the enzymes nitrate reductase, glutamine synthase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutatione reductase. Low nitrogen dose damaged the leaf area and dry matter production in both growths of tanzânia grass. The excess of ammonium in the nutrient solution was also responsible for leaf area and lower mass of shoots and roots. High concentration of MDA and peroxide were found in the shoot components of grown plants under nitrogen levels ratio of NO3-/NH4+ 40/60, indicating oxidative stress in these plants. The stress caused by the exclusive supply of the ammonium nitrate form, or excess of ammonium resulted in the induction of a new band of SOD on the root system of the tanzânia guineagrass, suggesting that this enzyme has been more responsive in the elimination of ROS in the root system.

O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes que mais altera a produtividade das plantas forrageiras e as formas de fornecimento desse nutriente podem alterar as respostas das plantas. Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações morfogênicas, nutricionais, metabólicas e produtivas do capim tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), em função do fornecimento de doses de nitrogênio e proporções de NO3-/NH4+ na solução nutritiva. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com emprego de substrato inerte e avaliando três doses de nitrogênio para fornecer nutrição baixa, intermediária e alta em nitrogênio (3, 15 e 27 mmol L-1) e três proporções de NO3-/NH4+ não fornecendo e até suprindo amônio em relativo excesso (100/0, 70/30 e 40/60). As plantas foram submetidas a dois cortes da parte aérea e as raízes foram coletadas após o segundo corte. Foram avaliados o número de folhas e perfilhos, taxas de aparecimento de folhas e perfilhos, área foliar, produção de massa seca de parte aérea e de raízes, concentrações de nitrogênio total, NO3- e NH4+ nos tecidos vegetais, valor SPAD, concentrações de malondealdeído (MDA) e peróxido de hidrogênio e atividades das enzimas redutase do nitrato, glutamina sintetase, catalase, superóxido dismutase e glutationa redutase. A baixa dose de nitrogênio comprometeu a área foliar e produção de massa seca em ambos os crescimentos do capim tanzânia. O excesso de amônio na solução nutritiva também foi responsável pela área foliar e menor massa de parte aérea e de raízes. Elevadas concentração de MDA e peróxido foram encontrados nos componentes da parte aérea de plantas crescidas sob doses de nitrogênio com proporção de NO3-/NH4+ de 40/60, indicando estresse oxidativo nessas plantas. O estresse ocasionado pelo fornecimento exclusivo da forma nítrica ou pelo excesso de amônio resultou na indução de uma nova banda de SOD no sistema radicular do capim tanzânia, o que sugere que essa enzima tenha sido mais responsiva na eliminação de EROs no sistema radicular. / Nitrogen is one of the nutrients that most improve forage grass productivity and the forms of this nutrient supply may affect plant responses. The objectives were to evaluate morphogenic, nutritional, metabolic and productive changes in tanzânia guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), as realated to the supply of nitrogen rates and NO3-/NH4+ proportions in the nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, by an inert substrate and testing three nitrogen rates to supply low, intermediate and hight nitrogen nutrition and three NO3-/NH4+ proportions (100/0, 70/30, 40/60) to have no ammonium up to relative excess ammonium. Plants had shoots harvested two times and roots were collected after the second harvest. Plant evaluations included number of leaves and tillers, leaf and tiller appearance rates, leaf area, shoots and roots dry matter production, plant tissue concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium, SPAD value, concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, and activities of the enzymes nitrate reductase, glutamine synthase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutatione reductase. Low nitrogen dose damaged the leaf area and dry matter production in both growths of tanzânia grass. The excess of ammonium in the nutrient solution was also responsible for leaf area and lower mass of shoots and roots. High concentration of MDA and peroxide were found in the shoot components of grown plants under nitrogen levels ratio of NO3-/NH4+ 40/60, indicating oxidative stress in these plants. The stress caused by the exclusive supply of the ammonium nitrate form, or excess of ammonium resulted in the induction of a new band of SOD on the root system of the tanzânia guineagrass, suggesting that this enzyme has been more responsive in the elimination of ROS in the root system.