<p>This thesis uses results of systematic numerical models to argue that externally inactive salt structures, which are potential targets for radioactive waste disposal, might be internally active due to the presence of dense layers or blocks within a salt layer.</p><p>The three papers that support this thesis use the Gorleben salt diapir (NW Germany), which was targeted as a future final repository for high-grade radioactive waste, as a general guideline.</p><p>The first two papers present systematic studies of the parameters that control the development of a salt diapir and how it entrains a dense anhydrite layer. Results from these numerical models show that the entrainment of a dense anhydrite layer within a salt diapir depends on four parameters: sedimentation rate, viscosity of salt, perturbation width and the stratigraphic location of the dense layer. The combined effect of these four parameters, which has a direct impact on the rate of salt supply (volume/area of the salt that is supplied to the diapir with time), shape a diapir and the mode of entrainment. Salt diapirs down-built with sedimentary units of high viscosity can potentially grow with an embedded anhydrite layer and deplete their source layer (salt supply ceases). However, when salt supply decreases dramatically or ceases entirely, the entrained anhydrite layer/segments start to sink within the diapir. In inactive diapirs, sinking of the entrained anhydrite layer is inevitable and strongly depends on the rheology of the salt, which is in direct contact with the anhydrite layer. During the post-depositional stage, if the effective viscosity of salt falls below the threshold value of around 10¹⁸-10¹⁹ Pa s, the mobility of anhydrite blocks might influence any repository within the diapir. However, the internal deformation of the salt diapir by the descending blocks decreases with increase in effective viscosity of salt.</p><p>The results presented in this thesis suggest that it is highly likely that salt structures where dense and viscous layer/blocks are present undergo an internal deformation processes when these dense blocks start sinking within the diapir. Depending on size and orientation of these blocks, deformation pattern is significantly different within the diapir. Furthermore, model results applied to the Gorleben diapir show that the rate of descent of the entrained anhydrite blocks differs on different sides of the diapir. This suggests that if the anhydrite blocks descent within the Gorleben diapir, they initiate an asymmetric internal flow within it.</p>

This thesis uses results of systematic numerical models to argue that externally inactive salt structures, which are potential targets for radioactive waste disposal, might be internally active due to the presence of dense layers or blocks within a salt layer. The three papers that support this thesis use the Gorleben salt diapir (NW Germany), which was targeted as a future final repository for high-grade radioactive waste, as a general guideline. The first two papers present systematic studies of the parameters that control the development of a salt diapir and how it entrains a dense anhydrite layer. Results from these numerical models show that the entrainment of a dense anhydrite layer within a salt diapir depends on four parameters: sedimentation rate, viscosity of salt, perturbation width and the stratigraphic location of the dense layer. The combined effect of these four parameters, which has a direct impact on the rate of salt supply (volume/area of the salt that is supplied to the diapir with time), shape a diapir and the mode of entrainment. Salt diapirs down-built with sedimentary units of high viscosity can potentially grow with an embedded anhydrite layer and deplete their source layer (salt supply ceases). However, when salt supply decreases dramatically or ceases entirely, the entrained anhydrite layer/segments start to sink within the diapir. In inactive diapirs, sinking of the entrained anhydrite layer is inevitable and strongly depends on the rheology of the salt, which is in direct contact with the anhydrite layer. During the post-depositional stage, if the effective viscosity of salt falls below the threshold value of around 1018-1019 Pa s, the mobility of anhydrite blocks might influence any repository within the diapir. However, the internal deformation of the salt diapir by the descending blocks decreases with increase in effective viscosity of salt. The results presented in this thesis suggest that it is highly likely that salt structures where dense and viscous layer/blocks are present undergo an internal deformation processes when these dense blocks start sinking within the diapir. Depending on size and orientation of these blocks, deformation pattern is significantly different within the diapir. Furthermore, model results applied to the Gorleben diapir show that the rate of descent of the entrained anhydrite blocks differs on different sides of the diapir. This suggests that if the anhydrite blocks descent within the Gorleben diapir, they initiate an asymmetric internal flow within it.

Ausgehend von der Fragestellung, wie es möglich ist, dass der Körper durch bestimmte Erscheinungen und Handlungen zur Ressource visueller Kommunikation im Protest wird, leistet die vorliegende Dissertation zwei innovative Forschungsbeiträge: Zum einen wird die Rolle des Körpers in der Interaktionsordnung kollektiven Handelns theoretisch aufgearbeitet. Damit werden zwei miteinander verwobene Lücken im Bereich der Protest- und Bewegungsforschung adressiert: Die unzureichende Auseinandersetzung mit visuellen Aspekten der Aktivität sozialer Bewegungen und die, trotz einiger Aufmerksamkeit für soziale Inszenierung, weitgehende Ausblendung der Rolle des Körpers bei der Betrachtung von Bewegungshandeln. Zum anderen wird auf Grundlage der theoretischen Erkenntnisse eine Methodologie entwickelt, die sich besonders für die Erforschung von Körperlichkeit in Verbindung mit den Interaktionsdynamiken im Protest eignet. Den Körper operationalisiere ich als Visualisierungsmedium im Konzept des Bild-Körpers mit Anleihen bei der Bild- und Drama-Theorie. Die empirische Analyse von Videomaterial zu den Anti-Castor-Protesten in der Region Wendland (Deutschland) des Jahres 2008 zeigte, dass der Körper als Symbolträger in Mikrodramen - kurzen dramatischen Interaktionsfolgen - in Erscheinung tritt, über die der Protest selbst zum mobilisierenden Ereignis wird. Durch Mikrodramen werden die Akteure unmittelbar mit den Narrativen und Master-Frames des Protests verbunden. Der sonst rhetorische Konflikt zwischen Aktivisten und Protestadressaten wird physisch manifest in Zeit und Raum. Die Verkörperung normativ geladener Konstellationen von antagonistischen Charakteren ist dabei ein wesentliches Moment. Die notwendige Spannung wird durch die Kompositionen der Bild-Körper vor allem im Sinnbild der Grenzverletzung konstruiert, worin der Angriff und die Verteidigung des Körpers eine Verbindung zu den emotionalen Konstruktionen der Würde und des Anstands herstellen. / By asking how the human body becomes a crucial resource of visual communication in protest, this research advances scholarship in two main ways. First, I theorize the role of the body in terms of its appearances and actions, and in relation to collective action. Despite some scholarship attending to performative politics, this inquiry addresses several gaps in the theorizing about social movements such as the visual and embodied aspects of protest. Second, to anchor my theorization of the socially and physically situated body, I develop a methodology for researching corporality in association with protest interaction dynamics. I identify and conceptualize the body as a medium of visualization, which I call the pictorial body. Linking the pictorial body concept to the interface between scripts, narratives, and genres (SNG complex) lends the analyses to accounts of visual and dramaturgical theory. Empirically, I use original video data of the 2008 Anti-Castor protest campaign in Germany's Wendland. Findings show that the pictorial body is a primary carrier of symbolism in protest micro-dramas - short dramatic interaction episodes between challengers, targets, and third parties. As the most proximate medium, corporeal mobilizing experience - the call for action - can be treated as an outcome of protest action rather than only as a precondition. I argue that the embodied nature of micro-dramas during protest directly connects actors to movement narratives and master frames by making physically manifest in both space and time what is otherwise a rhetorical conflict. The embodiment of normatively framed constellations of antagonist characters is essential to this. More specifically, a conflictual relationship was crafted primarily by the composition of pictorial bodies in images of border violations, in which the attack and defense of the body connects to the emotionalizing constructs of dignity and decency.