The Shap Granite outcrops in eastern Cumbria, N.W. England and is a post—orogenic granite intruded during the Lower Devonian (ie 394 Ma) into rocks of Ordovician to Siturian age. It is of adamellite composition and is notable in having megacrysts of orthoclase which crystallised late (relative to the matrix) by an essentially metasomatic process. Late in its cooling history, hydrothermal fluids resulted in alteration ano mineralisation in and about the joint structures. Comparison of whole — rock element and stable isotope data between the hydrothermally — altered and non —altered granites shows that this late — stage process- was isochemical and only involved localised redistribution of the available elements, the hydrothermal fluid being derived from the granite itself and acting in a closed system. The associated suite of granitic dykes extends the chemical range of Shap granitic rocks from the restricted compositions of the granite itsetf (around 68%)to 62 to 77% Si02. Mineralogical and chemical evidence suggests that the Shap magma compositions were controlled mainly by biotite and plagioclase fractionation over much of this silica range. The granite is intruded about much of its outcrop into rocks of the mid—Ordovician, calk—alkaline Borrowdatt Volcanic Group. The aureate is lkm wide and 'generally displays limited contact metamorphic reactions apart from in the Blue Quarry, where higher sub—surface heat flow during the granite's intrusion resulted in localised more extreme metamorphic and some metasomatic conditions resulting in the development of garnet veins. Analysis of 61 samples from the aureole region show only very limited modifications to their original calk—alkaline chemistry. Stable isotope and the whole rock geochemistry indicates that the contact metamorphism was essentialty, isochemical and that chemical interaction with the granite did not occur. Aureole metamorphic reactions took place at moderate temperatures (250 — 400°C) apart from in a narrow (<1000 zone about the granite contact where temperatures may have reached close to those of the granite-solidus (around 600°C). Xenoliths from the 'granite Pink quarries at Shap contain the same mineralogy as their host granite, including the megacryst orthoclase. The xenolith chemistry compares well with that of the more basic dykes, with the xenoliths - forming a coherent group over the compositional range 56 to 674 Sia. Comparison with the country—rock chemistry shows that the xenoliths were not externally derived but probably represent quenched, more basic, comaqmatic melts related to the generation of the main Shap Granite magma. Limited Sr and Nd isotope data for the xenoliths show that these isotopes were in equilibrium with the granite and lends strong support for the cogeneric origins and chemical relationships for the granites, aykes and xenoliths together. The narrow aureole width is typical of those formed by conductive ratner convective cooling with interaction with the adjacent granite limited to thermal effects and not involving the cycling of fluids through the granite or aureole as in convective pluton cooling.

No description available.

From Introduction: The object of the investigation was to examine the variations in the granite and the relation between the granite and the surrounding metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the Shamvaian System (Primitive). Although this object may not have been fully achieved, it has been possible to show that a wide variety of rocks is present in the area, and a few suggestions as to their origin have been made.

<p>Closely related populations or species often occupy ecologically disparate habitats. Adaptation to new habitats can maintain genetic variation within a species or eventually lead to speciation. Local adaptation to different environments has been repeatedly demonstrated in plants and animals, however the traits and genes that underlie this adaptation are poorly understood. This is because many traits differ between divergent populations and species. One way to solve this problem is to separate a trait from its genetic background through genetic manipulation and look for differences in fitness between genetically manipulated individuals. </p><p>My dissertation focuses on investigating the traits and genes that allow two species of Monkey flower, Mimulus laciniatus and Mimulus filicifolius, to survive in a unique habitat. Most closely related Mimulus species, such as M. guttatus, occur in streams and seeps, but M. laciniatus and M. filicifolius have each colonized a harsh granite outcrop environment. Another unique characteristic that both these species share is a lobed leaf shape. Because of the physiological properties of lobed leaves they should be adaptive in a dry, exposed granite outcrop. M. laciniatus also flowers earlier than nearby M. guttatus and is a small flowered self-fertilizing species while M. guttatus has large flowers and is highly outcrossing. Early flowering allows plants to escape the onset of seasonal drought while a self-fertilizing mating system and small flower size is often correlated with the occupation of harsh habitats. </p><p>In chapter one I describe a new granite outcrop endemic species of Mimulus, M. filicifolius based on morphological divergence from M. laciniatus. M. filicifolius was previously categorized as M. laciniatus but it is geographically disjunct and its leaves are more finely dissected (Sexton, Ferris, and Schoenig 2013). In the second chapter I explore whether M. filicifolius is genetically divergent and reproductively isolated from M. laciniatus using genetic sequence, microsattelite, and hybrid fertility data from four members of the M. guttatus species complex with highly overlapping geographic ranges: M. guttatus, M. nasutus, M. lacinaitus, and M. filicifolius. In the third chapter I investigate the genetic basis of leaf shape differences in three members of the M. guttatus species complex, M. laciniatus, M. nudatus, and M. guttatus using bulk segregant analysis to map quantitative trait loci. In the fourth and final chapter I examine the genetic basis of flowering time, floral size, and leaf shape divergence between sympatric M. guttatus and M. laciniatus populations in a common garden using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, phenotypic selection on flowering time, flower size, and leaf shape in M. laciniatus x M. guttatus hybrids in a reciprocal transplant experiment in the field, and whether QTL's from my common garden experiment overlap fitness QTL's in the field by genotyping hybrid individuals that survived to flower in the field.</p> / Dissertation

Occurrences of Phacelia dubia in the Piedmont of South Carolina have been taxonomically enigmatic. Prior work had shown that there was partial reproductive isolation when plants from South Carolina were hybridized with any of the other varieties but evidence of morphological differentiation was lacking. In this study, a new morphological analysis showed South Carolina plants differed significantly in corolla lobe size, sepal size, and leaf dissection in comparisons with neighboring varieties, P. dubia var. dubia and P. dubia var. georgiana. A preponderance of evidence showing differentiation from all other varieties supports recognition of a new variety, P. dubia var. rionensis. Field work and an updated analysis of herbarium records showed the new variety is found in nine contiguous counties in the central and northern Piedmont of South Carolina and two counties in the inner Coastal Plain. We posit a hypothesized biogeographic pathway based on migration of a P. dubia ancestor from the Great Plains or Mexico to the Nashville Basin cedar glades, then to South Carolina piedmont granite outcrops, followed by a migration south to Georgia and Alabama piedmont granite outcrops and a separate migration north to rocky woodlands in North Carolina.