Polymers having one of the three complementary colors (red, green, and blue) in the reduced state and high transmissivity in the oxidized state are key materials towards use in electrochromic devices and displays. Although many neutral state red and blue polymers were reported up to date, neutral state green polymeric materials appear to be limited. For potential application of electrochromic materials in display technologies, one should have to create the entire color spectrum and this can be only achieved by having materials with additive or subtractive primary colors in their neutral states. To obtain a green color there should be at least two simultaneous absorption bands. Although the neutral state color is of great importance, the transmittance in the oxidized state is crucial too. The materials having one of the three primary colors should also possess highly transmissive oxidized states in order to be used in commercial electrochromic device applications. Donor-acceptor molecules lead to lower band gap due to resonances that enable a stronger double bond character between the donor and acceptor units. The materials with low band-gaps produce cathodically coloring polymers due to the lower energy transition in the doped state. Moreover, donor-acceptor type materials commonly show two absorption maxima. Since donor-acceptor approach seems to be the key to the complex nature of producing these materials, novel donor-acceptor type polymers were synthesized, and electrochromic properties were investigated in detail.Additionally a solution-processable donor-acceptor type polymer was realized using method of introducing alkyl side chains in the polymer structures.

Polymeric electrochromic materials that has as one of the three complementary colors (red, green, and blue) in the neutral form and become transparent via oxidation (or reduction), has a crucial importance towards use of these materials in electrochromic devices and displays. To reflect red or blue color in neutral state, the materials have to absorb at only one dominant wavelength. On the contrary, to have a green color, there should exist at least two simultaneous absorption bands in the red and blue regions of the visible spectrum where these bands should be controlled with the same applied potential. The transmissivity in the oxidized state is significantly important in addition to the neutral state color of the polymer. The optical contrast between the states is the decisive point for use of these materials for many electrochromic applications, especially as smart windows and displays. Hence, the material should possess two absorption bands with definite maximum points, and upon oxidation these bands should simultaneously vanish to have a transmissive state. A donor&ndash / acceptor approach can be utilized to solve this puzzle. It has been shown that insertion of alternating donor&ndash / acceptor units on the polymer backbone leads to a significant decrease in band gap due to the increased double bond character in the structure. In this study novel donor-acceptor type polymers were synthesized, and electrochromic properties were investigated in detail. PBDT is the first green electrochromic material which has a highly transmissive sky blue oxidized state. PDETQ was shown to be one of the few examples of neutral state green polymeric materials in literature. PDEQ has a bluish green color in the neutral state and a highly transmissive light blue oxidized state.

5,8-Bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-3-ferrocenyl-4a,8a-dihydroquinoxaline (DEFNQ), 5,8-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-2-(phenyl)-3 ferrocenylquinoxaline (DEFPQ) and 5,8-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-2,3-di(naphthalen-2-yl)quinoxaline (DEDNQ) were synthesized, electrochemically polymerized and electrochromic properties of resultant polymers were investigated. For the characterization of the monomers Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) were used. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Ultraviolet&ndash / Visible Spectroscopy were used to investigate electrochemical behavior of the monomers and redox reactions of conducting polymers. After electrochemical polymerizations, the electrochromic properties of the conducting polymers were investigated via spectroelectrochemistry, kinetic and colorimetry studies to explore the one of most important property of conducting polymers, the ability to switch reversibly between the two states of different optical properties, &lsquo / electrochromism&rsquo / . Cyclic Voltammetry and Spectroelectrochemistry studies for PDEFNQ, PDEFPQ and PDEDNQ showed that ferrocenyl (Fc) group containing derivatives are multichromic green to transmissive polymer with high tendency to be both p and n doped. PDEDNQ which was not functionalized with ferrocenyl group does not show multichromism. According to the electrochemical and spectroscopic results each polymer is a potential candidate for optoelectronic applications.

No description available.

No description available.

A engenharia de tecidos e a medicina regenerativa possuem como objetivo principal o restabelecimento morfológico/funcional de tecidos e órgãos lesionados com a utilização de células, matrizes celulares e células tronco, controlando as respostas imunológicas/bioquímicas promovidas pelo organismo. Adicionalmente, a ciência dos materiais busca desenvolver biomateriais biocompatíveis que não promovam reações imunológicas indesejadas e proporcionem o reestabelecimento das funções do tecido/órgão. Polímeros de origem natural destacam-se como biomateriais por assemelharem-se a macromoléculas biológicas, similaridade com a matriz extracelular, menor possibilidade de estimulação de inflamação crônica e baixa ou ausência de toxicidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver matrizes macromoleculares originadas do óleo de soja epoxidado (OSE), analisando a relação estrutura química/atividade biológica das matrizes macromoleculares para uso como biomaterial na engenharia de tecidos. A síntese do OSE foi efetuada pela rota oleoquímica, cuja eficiência foi determinada por espectroscopia de infravermelho e o rendimento da reação de 85% determinado por ressonância magnética nuclear de prótons. A partir da análise por calorimetria exploratória diferencial, detectou-se uma diminuição da temperatura de transição vítrea do polímero do óleo de soja (POSE) em relação ao OSE, sugerindo aumento do crescimento das cadeias poliméricas do POSE. Através da análise termogravimétrica, foi possível definir o perfil de degradação do OSE, com degradação em duas etapas, e do POSE, que degrada em apenas uma etapa e demonstra maior estabilidade térmica do POSE pelo aumento das interações moleculares. A reticulação e a hidrofilicidade do POSE foram promovidas com a adição de metacrilato de 2-hidroxietila (HEMA) à formulação por enxertia do monômero pela irradiação gama. Os resultados obtidos identificaram aumento da estabilidade mecânica, da gelificação e da absorção de água com o aumento do conteúdo de HEMA. Por fim, o grau de cristalinidade estimado para esses polímeros enxertados com HEMA de 27,5% foi definido através da difratometria de raios-X. A segunda etapa caracterizou-se pelo (i) desenvolvimento de POSEs com a enxertia de HEMA nas proporções OSE/HEMA 90:10 e 65:35 com irradiação por raios gama nas doses de 50 e 100kGy, (ii) caracterização físico-química dos POSE-HEMA e (iii) análise biológica desses materiais. Através da espectroscopia de infravermelho, pode-se detectar as regiões epoxidadas do POSE, assim como o sucesso da enxertia do monômero HEMA em todas as concentrações e doses de radiação utilizadas. Através da calorimetria exploratória diferencial, calculou-se a energia de ativação (Ea) dos polímeros. A cristalinidade dos materiais foi definida por difratometria de raios-X, mostrando caráter amorfo do material, bem como um pequeno incremento na porcentagem da cristalinidade com o aumento da intensidade das doses de radiação durante a síntese e um decréscimo dessa cristalinidade com o aumento na concentração de HEMA. A análise da citotoxicidade das amostras mostrou a ausência de toxicidade dos POSE-HEMA, confirmando a eficiência das lavagens dos polímeros para retirada de resíduos do processamento. A análise da hemocompatibilidade mostrou ausência de adesão de plaquetas e os testes de crescimento celular nas matrizes foram positivos. Através dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, pôde-se concluir pelo potencial de utilização dos POSE-HEMA na engenharia de tecidos. / Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have as main objective the morphologic/functional reestablishment of injured tissues and organs using cells, scaffolds, stem cells and control of immunological/biochemical responses promoted by the body. In addition, materials science seeks to develop biocompatible biomaterials that do not promote unwanted immune responses and provide the re-establishment of the functions of the tissue/organ. Polymers of natural origin stand out as biomaterials to resemble biological macromolecules, similarity to the extracellular matrix, reduced chance of inflammation and chronic pacing low or no toxicity. This study aimed the development of macromolecular arrays originated from epoxidized soybean oil (OSE), analyzing the relationship between the chemical structure/biological activity of the macromolecular arrays for use as biomaterials in tissue engineering. The synthesis of OSE was performed through the oleochemical route, whose efficiency was determined by infrared spectroscopy and the reaction yield of 85%, determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. From the analysis by differential scanning calorimetry, it was detected a decrease of the glass transition temperature of the epoxidized soybean oil polymer (POSE) compared with OSE, suggesting an increase of the growth of polymer chains of POSE. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to define the OSE degradation profile, which degrades in two steps. The POSE degrades in just one step and shows higher thermal stability by the increased molecular interactions. The hydrophilicity and crosslinking of POSE was promoted by the addition of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with the monomer grafting by gamma irradiation. The results showed an increased mechanical stability, gelation and water absorption with the HEMA content increasing. Finally, the degree of crystallinity for such polymers grafted with HEMA was 27.5%, estimated by X-ray diffractometry. The second stage was characterized by (i) developing POSEs with the grafting of HEMA in the proportions OSE / HEMA 90:10 and 65:35 irradiated by gamma rays at doses of 50 and 100kGy, (ii) physico-chemical characterization of POSE-HEMA and (iii) analysis of biological materials. By infrared spectroscopy, it was detect the epoxidized regions of POSE, as well as the successful grafting of the monomer HEMA concentrations with all radiation doses. By differential scanning calorimetry, the activation energy was calculated (Ea) of the polymers. The crystallinity of the material was defined by X-ray diffraction, showing tendency of amorphous material as well as a small percentage of the increase in crystallinity with increasing intensity of radiation doses during this synthesis and a decrease in crystallinity with the increasing concentration of HEMA. The analysis of the samples did not show cytotoxicity on POSE-HEMA and confirmed the efficiency of polymer washings to remove the processing waste. The analysis of hemocompatibility showed any platelet adhesion and the cell growth on the scaffolds was positive. From the results obtained in this research, we concluded by the potential use of POSE-HEMA in tissue engineering.

A engenharia de tecidos e a medicina regenerativa possuem como objetivo principal o restabelecimento morfológico/funcional de tecidos e órgãos lesionados com a utilização de células, matrizes celulares e células tronco, controlando as respostas imunológicas/bioquímicas promovidas pelo organismo. Adicionalmente, a ciência dos materiais busca desenvolver biomateriais biocompatíveis que não promovam reações imunológicas indesejadas e proporcionem o reestabelecimento das funções do tecido/órgão. Polímeros de origem natural destacam-se como biomateriais por assemelharem-se a macromoléculas biológicas, similaridade com a matriz extracelular, menor possibilidade de estimulação de inflamação crônica e baixa ou ausência de toxicidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver matrizes macromoleculares originadas do óleo de soja epoxidado (OSE), analisando a relação estrutura química/atividade biológica das matrizes macromoleculares para uso como biomaterial na engenharia de tecidos. A síntese do OSE foi efetuada pela rota oleoquímica, cuja eficiência foi determinada por espectroscopia de infravermelho e o rendimento da reação de 85% determinado por ressonância magnética nuclear de prótons. A partir da análise por calorimetria exploratória diferencial, detectou-se uma diminuição da temperatura de transição vítrea do polímero do óleo de soja (POSE) em relação ao OSE, sugerindo aumento do crescimento das cadeias poliméricas do POSE. Através da análise termogravimétrica, foi possível definir o perfil de degradação do OSE, com degradação em duas etapas, e do POSE, que degrada em apenas uma etapa e demonstra maior estabilidade térmica do POSE pelo aumento das interações moleculares. A reticulação e a hidrofilicidade do POSE foram promovidas com a adição de metacrilato de 2-hidroxietila (HEMA) à formulação por enxertia do monômero pela irradiação gama. Os resultados obtidos identificaram aumento da estabilidade mecânica, da gelificação e da absorção de água com o aumento do conteúdo de HEMA. Por fim, o grau de cristalinidade estimado para esses polímeros enxertados com HEMA de 27,5% foi definido através da difratometria de raios-X. A segunda etapa caracterizou-se pelo (i) desenvolvimento de POSEs com a enxertia de HEMA nas proporções OSE/HEMA 90:10 e 65:35 com irradiação por raios gama nas doses de 50 e 100kGy, (ii) caracterização físico-química dos POSE-HEMA e (iii) análise biológica desses materiais. Através da espectroscopia de infravermelho, pode-se detectar as regiões epoxidadas do POSE, assim como o sucesso da enxertia do monômero HEMA em todas as concentrações e doses de radiação utilizadas. Através da calorimetria exploratória diferencial, calculou-se a energia de ativação (Ea) dos polímeros. A cristalinidade dos materiais foi definida por difratometria de raios-X, mostrando caráter amorfo do material, bem como um pequeno incremento na porcentagem da cristalinidade com o aumento da intensidade das doses de radiação durante a síntese e um decréscimo dessa cristalinidade com o aumento na concentração de HEMA. A análise da citotoxicidade das amostras mostrou a ausência de toxicidade dos POSE-HEMA, confirmando a eficiência das lavagens dos polímeros para retirada de resíduos do processamento. A análise da hemocompatibilidade mostrou ausência de adesão de plaquetas e os testes de crescimento celular nas matrizes foram positivos. Através dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, pôde-se concluir pelo potencial de utilização dos POSE-HEMA na engenharia de tecidos. / Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have as main objective the morphologic/functional reestablishment of injured tissues and organs using cells, scaffolds, stem cells and control of immunological/biochemical responses promoted by the body. In addition, materials science seeks to develop biocompatible biomaterials that do not promote unwanted immune responses and provide the re-establishment of the functions of the tissue/organ. Polymers of natural origin stand out as biomaterials to resemble biological macromolecules, similarity to the extracellular matrix, reduced chance of inflammation and chronic pacing low or no toxicity. This study aimed the development of macromolecular arrays originated from epoxidized soybean oil (OSE), analyzing the relationship between the chemical structure/biological activity of the macromolecular arrays for use as biomaterials in tissue engineering. The synthesis of OSE was performed through the oleochemical route, whose efficiency was determined by infrared spectroscopy and the reaction yield of 85%, determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. From the analysis by differential scanning calorimetry, it was detected a decrease of the glass transition temperature of the epoxidized soybean oil polymer (POSE) compared with OSE, suggesting an increase of the growth of polymer chains of POSE. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to define the OSE degradation profile, which degrades in two steps. The POSE degrades in just one step and shows higher thermal stability by the increased molecular interactions. The hydrophilicity and crosslinking of POSE was promoted by the addition of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with the monomer grafting by gamma irradiation. The results showed an increased mechanical stability, gelation and water absorption with the HEMA content increasing. Finally, the degree of crystallinity for such polymers grafted with HEMA was 27.5%, estimated by X-ray diffractometry. The second stage was characterized by (i) developing POSEs with the grafting of HEMA in the proportions OSE / HEMA 90:10 and 65:35 irradiated by gamma rays at doses of 50 and 100kGy, (ii) physico-chemical characterization of POSE-HEMA and (iii) analysis of biological materials. By infrared spectroscopy, it was detect the epoxidized regions of POSE, as well as the successful grafting of the monomer HEMA concentrations with all radiation doses. By differential scanning calorimetry, the activation energy was calculated (Ea) of the polymers. The crystallinity of the material was defined by X-ray diffraction, showing tendency of amorphous material as well as a small percentage of the increase in crystallinity with increasing intensity of radiation doses during this synthesis and a decrease in crystallinity with the increasing concentration of HEMA. The analysis of the samples did not show cytotoxicity on POSE-HEMA and confirmed the efficiency of polymer washings to remove the processing waste. The analysis of hemocompatibility showed any platelet adhesion and the cell growth on the scaffolds was positive. From the results obtained in this research, we concluded by the potential use of POSE-HEMA in tissue engineering.

A new neutral state green polymer, poly (2,3-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5,8-di(1H-pyrrol-2-yl) quinoxaline) (PTBPPQ) was synthesized and its copolymer with bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (BiEDOT) and 4,7-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-2-dodecyl-2H-benzo [1,2,3] triazole (BEBT) were produced. Finally polymers&rsquo / potential use as an electrochromic material was investigated. Electrochromic properties of the polymers were investigated by several methods including spectroelectrochemistry, kinetic and colorimetry studies. Key properties of conjugated polymers such as band gap, maximum absorption wavelength, the intergap states that appear upon doping and evolution of polaron and bipolaron bands were investigated via spectroelectrochemistry experiments. Switching times and optical contrasts of the homopolymer and the copolymer were evaluated via kinetic studies. Copolymer of TBPPQ with BiEDOT and BEBT were electrochemically synthesized and characterized. Resulting copolymer films have distinct electrochromic properties and revealed multichromism through the entire visible region. Although BiEDOT and BEBT have different oxidation potentials, the resulting copolymers have very similar redox behaviors. In a monomer free solution, both copolymers show four colors from purple, gray, light green to transmissive blue with the variation of the applied potential. Copolymerization with BiEDOT and BEBT not only decreases the band gap, Eg, but also enhances the electrochromic and optical properties. Hence, electrochemical copolymerization is considered to be a powerful tool to improve the electrochromic properties of quinoxaline derivatives. It should be noted that PTBPPQ is one of the few examples of neutral state green polymeric materials with superior switching properties. Hence, PTBPPQ can be used as a green polymeric material for display technologies.