There is an ongoing discussion on grey zone deterrence and how states should deal with grey zone situations. Most studies are based around Russian actions in Crimea and Chinas actions in the East and South China Sea. The objective of this paper is to create a better understanding of the grey zone deterrence and the handling of grey zone situations by the Swedish navy. The method for achieving this is a text analysis of Swedish strategic, operative, and tactical doctrines. The result of the analysis shows that there is a discussion of grey zone deterrence on the operative level in the Swedish armed forces, where the Swedish navy can assist the police, coast guard, customs et.al. There is only a limited and implicit discussion on the tactical level specifically for naval units.  The conclusion of this paper is that the Swedish navy can work with other governmental departments to handle grey zone situations, however the Swedish navy is limited in the ability to handle grey zone situations independently.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Communication Studies and Journalism Perception of Media Contents, Status and Role in Czechoslovakia in 1977-1989 Diploma thesis Author: Zbyněk Vlasák Consultant: PhDr. Jakub Končelík, Ph.D. Abstract This thesis called Perception of Media Contents, Status and Role in Czechoslovakia in 1977-1989 analyzes possible principles and circumstances of perceiving the role of the media in a specific environment of the normalisation period using methods of oral history. Furthermore, the thesis examines the function of the media in the everyday life of normalisation households and identifies the sources of images responsible for bipolarization of the outside world and their nature. It also deals with the public view on the importance of free media for the functioning of a democratic society. Last but not least, the thesis tracks the possibility of obtaining information from official, unofficial and foreign media. To be able to conduct the above mentioned analyses, the base of this thesis lie in historiography, several chapters deal with formal and informal pressure exerted on the official media sources and circumstances of foreign media broadcast on the Czechoslovak territory. We do not omit the international context of the period 1977-1989 and...

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We present a multi-objective two-echelon vehicle routing problem with vehicle synchronization and "grey zone" customers arising in the context of urban freight deliveries. Inner-city center deliveries are performed by small vehicles due to access restrictions, while deliveries outside this area are carried out by conventional vehicles for economic reasons. Goods are transferred from the first to the second echelon by synchronized meetings between vehicles of the respective echelons. We investigate the assignment of customers to vehicles, i.e., to the first or second echelon, within a so-called "grey Zone" on the border of the inner city and the area around it. While doing this, the economic objective as well as negative external effects of transport, such as emissions and disturbance (negative impact on citizens due to noise and congestion), are taken into account to include objectives of companies as well as of citizens and municipal authorities. Our metaheuristic - a large neighborhood search embedded in a heuristic rectangle/cuboid splitting - addresses this problem efficiently. We investigate the impact of the free assignment of part of the customers ("grey Zone") to echelons and of three different city layouts on the solution. Computational results show that the impact of a "grey Zone" and thus the assignment of these customers to echelons depend significantly on the layout of a city. Potentially pareto-optimal solutions for two and three objectives are illustrated to efficiently support decision makers in sustainable city logistics planning processes.

This article discusses ambiguous tactics of German Communist resisters in the Third Reich. The official historiography of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) portrayed Communist resisters as unfaltering heroes. By contrast, revisionist studies published after 1990 presented Communists as traitors and renegades. This study transcends these approaches that revolve around legitimation or de-legitimation of the dictatorship, and examines the dubious manoeuvring of three German Communists who strategically collaborated with the Nazis, namely Theodor Bottländer, Friedrich Schlotterbeck and Wilhelm Knöchel. While Knöchel’s attempts to outwit the Gestapo failed and could not prevent his execution, Schlotterbeck and Bottl€ander found ways to survive - largely without betraying their comrades. Even so, the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD), as well as its successor in the GDR, the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED), reprimanded venturesome, inventive and obstinate Communists, excluded them from the party and brought them to court. The harsh reactions are indicative of the inability of Communist historiography to acknowledge ‘Eigen-Sinn’, and highlight a central shortcoming of the antifascist doctrine. Likewise, more recent revisionist approaches have failed to recognise various attempts of Communists to minimise harm and survive in the grey zone between betrayal and loyalty.

Le présent mémoire de maîtrise s’intéresse à l’ingérence étrangère d’origine chinoise au Canada. Cette dernière est un phénomène qui, d’une part, est souvent exploré en silo dans la littérature et qui, d’autre part, est ambigu et difficile à cerner. En effet, les actions pouvant être interprétées comme de l’ingérence étrangère sont nombreuses, de natures variées et sont employées par des acteurs, étatiques comme privés, étant difficiles à identifier. Le présent mémoire entend adopter une approche centralisée pour parler de l’ingérence étrangère dans toute sa complexité. Pour ce faire, c’est sous la loupe de la théorie du conflit en zone grise que les actions d’ingérence étrangère chinoise au Canada sont analysées. Cette analyse permet d’expliquer en quoi les actions d’ingérence chinoise en sol canadien constituent un conflit en zone grise et de revisiter les typologies existantes des stratégies et mécanismes d’influence observables au Canada. Ce mémoire permettra également de faire état des connaissances actuelles en matière d’ingérence chinoise au Canada et d’ouvrir la discussion concernant les avenues de prévention et de dissuasion que le pays peut emprunter à l’avenir. / This thesis intends to investigate Chinese foreign interference in Canada. The latter is often researched and discussed in silos as, taken whole, the concept is ambiguous and hard to delimitate. In fact, actions that can be understood as foreign interference are numerous, varied in nature, and perpetrated by actors, state and private alike, which are hard to identify. The present thesis will be using a centralized approach to research and discuss foreign interference as a whole and complex concept. To do so, the gray-zone conflict theory will be used, allowing for an in-depth analysis of the actions related to Chinese foreign interference in Canada. The analysis will try to determine whether observable actions match the framework of the grey-zone conflict theory or not and will propose a revised typology of the strategies and mechanisms employed on Canadian soil. This thesis will also allow to establish a comprehensive review of the literature currently available on the subject, to open the discussion and consider the means at our disposal to prevent and counter foreign interference in Canada in the future.

As startups digitais ocorrem como um fenômeno da própria Sociedade em Rede e de uma mudança profunda e qualitativa nas relações entre pessoas, espaços e coisas. Seus fluxos produtivos traduzem uma intensa transitividade dos espaços de produção, um protagonismo permanente com novas tecnologias digitais e uma mobilização do corpo como máquina produtiva. Esta pesquisa aborda a criação das startups na sua fase inicial, ou seja, nos momentos de idealizações do pensamento que age, na relação entre ideia e ação, especificando o movimento de travessia dos seus criadores, aqui chamados de Novos Idealistas, num percurso de alta criticidade denominado Zona Cinzenta. A partir dos pontos de ideação-previsão e experimentação-criação, a pesquisa produz reflexos sobre a arte desse empreendedorismo em situação-embrião. Com o objetivo de produzir um tecimento das suas ações na travessia, a pesquisa realiza um acompanhamento de processos nos territórios moventes das startups, desenvolvendo uma cartografia de conceitos que pulsam com intensidade neste transcurso. As teorias que situam o contexto desse novo modo de produzir, configurado pela hegemonização do trabalho imaterial, referenciam os caminhos da pesquisa, situando o conhecimento como principal força produtiva. Para entender esta travessia, a pesquisa navegou nos fazeres das startups, observando de dentro os movimentos de produção, a linguagem e o acionamento das máquinas comunicativas. Ao acompanhar os desejos e expor cases das ações, esta investigação assinala o fenômeno das startups como um novo empreendedorismo marcadamente digital, ecossistêmico e comunicativo. / Digital startups occur as phenomena of the Internet Society and a deep and qualitative change in relationships between people, places and things. Their production flows reveal an intense transitivity of production spaces, a permanent leading role with new digital technologies, and mobilization of the body as a productive machine. This research deals with the creation of startups in their initial phase. That is, in those moments of idealization of thoughts that relate idea and action, that specify the movement of their creators, here called New Idealists, on a high criticality path through what is called a Grey zone. Starting from the points of ideation-prediction and experimentation-creation, the research produces reflections on the art of this entrepreneurship in an embryo situation. With the goal of interweaving their actions in this passage, the research performs a monitoring process in areas where startups act, mapping concepts that pulsate with intensity along this course. The theories that contextualize this new production mode, in which immaterial labor dominates, reference the paths of research, placing knowledge as the main productive force. To understand this passage, the research navigated the doings of startups, observing from inside the movements of production, the language, the activation of the communication machines. In following the desires and exposing \'cases\' of actions, this research points to the phenomenon of startups as a new entrepreneurship, markedly digital, ecosystemic and communicative.

As startups digitais ocorrem como um fenômeno da própria Sociedade em Rede e de uma mudança profunda e qualitativa nas relações entre pessoas, espaços e coisas. Seus fluxos produtivos traduzem uma intensa transitividade dos espaços de produção, um protagonismo permanente com novas tecnologias digitais e uma mobilização do corpo como máquina produtiva. Esta pesquisa aborda a criação das startups na sua fase inicial, ou seja, nos momentos de idealizações do pensamento que age, na relação entre ideia e ação, especificando o movimento de travessia dos seus criadores, aqui chamados de Novos Idealistas, num percurso de alta criticidade denominado Zona Cinzenta. A partir dos pontos de ideação-previsão e experimentação-criação, a pesquisa produz reflexos sobre a arte desse empreendedorismo em situação-embrião. Com o objetivo de produzir um tecimento das suas ações na travessia, a pesquisa realiza um acompanhamento de processos nos territórios moventes das startups, desenvolvendo uma cartografia de conceitos que pulsam com intensidade neste transcurso. As teorias que situam o contexto desse novo modo de produzir, configurado pela hegemonização do trabalho imaterial, referenciam os caminhos da pesquisa, situando o conhecimento como principal força produtiva. Para entender esta travessia, a pesquisa navegou nos fazeres das startups, observando de dentro os movimentos de produção, a linguagem e o acionamento das máquinas comunicativas. Ao acompanhar os desejos e expor cases das ações, esta investigação assinala o fenômeno das startups como um novo empreendedorismo marcadamente digital, ecossistêmico e comunicativo. / Digital startups occur as phenomena of the Internet Society and a deep and qualitative change in relationships between people, places and things. Their production flows reveal an intense transitivity of production spaces, a permanent leading role with new digital technologies, and mobilization of the body as a productive machine. This research deals with the creation of startups in their initial phase. That is, in those moments of idealization of thoughts that relate idea and action, that specify the movement of their creators, here called New Idealists, on a high criticality path through what is called a Grey zone. Starting from the points of ideation-prediction and experimentation-creation, the research produces reflections on the art of this entrepreneurship in an embryo situation. With the goal of interweaving their actions in this passage, the research performs a monitoring process in areas where startups act, mapping concepts that pulsate with intensity along this course. The theories that contextualize this new production mode, in which immaterial labor dominates, reference the paths of research, placing knowledge as the main productive force. To understand this passage, the research navigated the doings of startups, observing from inside the movements of production, the language, the activation of the communication machines. In following the desires and exposing \'cases\' of actions, this research points to the phenomenon of startups as a new entrepreneurship, markedly digital, ecosystemic and communicative.

My thesis focuses on the problems of ecotourism, or more precisely its borders from an anthropological perspective, using example of a typical Cambodian community named Chambok. Based on five months of research, together with ethnographic methods of research I found out that boundaries of ecotourism are complex, multi-layered, problematic and negotiated and also that there are so called "grey zones" encompassing them. It is the conceptualization of these zones and boundaries, which is my contribution to current anthropological debate about ecotourism, which has been largely left out until now.

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