Researchers and GIS analysts have used Aerial Laser Scanning (ALS) data to generate Digital Terrain Models (DTM) since the 1990s, and various algorithms developed for ground point extraction have been proposed based on the characteristics of ALS data. However, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) data, which might be a better indicator of ground morphological features under dense tree canopies and more accessible for small areas, have been long ignored. In this research, the aim was to evaluate if TLS data were as qualified as ALS to serve as a source of a DTM. To achieve this goal, there were three steps: acquiring and aligning ALS and TLS of the same region, applying ground filters on both of the data sets, and comparing the results. Our research area was a 100m by 140m region of grass, weeds and small trees along Strouble's Creek on the Virginia Tech campus. Four popular ground filter tools (ArcGIS, LASTools, PDAL, MCC) were applied to both ALS and TLS data. The output ground point clouds were then compared with a DTM generated from ALS data of the same region. Among the four ground filter tools employed in this research, the distances from TLS ground points to the ALS ground surface were no more than 0.06m with standard deviations less than 0.3m. The results indicated that the differences between the ground extracted from TLS and that extracted from ALS were subtle. The conclusion is that Digital Terrain Models (DTM) generated from TLS data are valid. / Master of Science / Elevation is one of the most basic data for researches such as flood prediction and land planning in the field of geography, agriculture, forestry, etc. The most common elevation data that could be downloaded from the internet were acquired from field measurements or satellites. However, the finest grained of that kind of data is 1/3m and errors can be introduced by ground objects such as trees and buildings. To acquire more accurate and pure-ground elevation data (also called Digital Terrain Models (DTM)), Researchers and GIS analysts introduced laser scanners for small area geographical research. For land surface data collection, researchers usually fly a drone with laser scanner (ALS) to derive the data underneath, which could be blocked by ground objects. An alternative way is to place the laser scanner on a tripod on the ground (TLS), which provides more data for ground morphological features under dense tree canopies and better precision. As ALS and TLS collect data from different perspectives, the coverage of a ground area can be different. As most of the ground extraction algorithm were designed for ALS data, their performance on TLS data hasn’t been fully tested yet. Our research area was a 100m by 140m region of grass, weeds and small trees along Strouble’s Creek on the Virginia Tech campus. Four popular ground filter tools (ArcGIS, LASTools, PDAL, MCC) were applied to both ALS and TLS data. The output ground point clouds were then compared with a ground surface generated from ALS data of the same region. Among the four ground filter tools employed in this research, the distances from TLS ground points to the ALS ground surface were no more than 0.06m with standard deviations less than 0.3m. The results indicated that the differences between the ground extracted from TLS and that extracted from ALS were subtle. The conclusion is that Digital Terrain Models (DTM) generated from TLS data are valid.

Objectives of this master's thesis are to process review of technologies used to treat wastewater in alpine environment in Slovakia and in foreign countries. Thesis also includes mapping of situation of chosen alpine cottages in High Tatras. For cottages with unsuitable technology will be suggested more suitable solution.