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Properties of enzymes from mammalian hibernators; structure, function, relationships.Thatcher, Bradley John, Carleton University. Dissertation. Biology. January 1997 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1997. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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The acoustic behavior of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel Citellus tridecemlineatus /Lishak, Robert Stephen January 1976 (has links)
No description available.
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Srovnání kondice populací sysla obecného v souvislosti se stanovištními podmínkami a hustotou populace / Fitness comparison of the European ground squirrel's populations living in different habitats and population densityNovotná, Kristýna January 2013 (has links)
Fitness in ground squirrels is a frequently discussed topic, reported in many publications, although it was rarely the subject of their study. The aim of this study was to determine which factors and find out how they affect the fitness of individuals, and thus the whole population of the European ground squirrel in Czech Republic. For this purpose we collected body mass data at three studied population, which are the main indicator of the fitness in ground squirrels. We also recorded information about injuries, reproduction status, ectoparasites and endoparasites. Moreover we collected all available data on the body mass of European ground squirrel in the central European region, and we compiled overview of body mass changes during the season. This enables us to compare our data with typical/common body mass value in particular sex, age and season. Recorded differences in body mass at three studied sites were related to sex, age, locality and season. We found positive correlation between the body mass and injuries from fights/reproduction activity in adult males. The relationship between body mass and reproduction activity of females was not found. Four species of ectoparasites, mostly occurring in adults, were recorded in studied populations. We also found five species of endoparasites, which...
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Foraging ecology of brown bears in the Mackenzie Delta region, NWTBarker, Oliver Unknown Date
No description available.
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Foraging ecology of brown bears in the Mackenzie Delta region, NWTBarker, Oliver 06 1900 (has links)
The Mackenzie Delta region, NWT, has a short growing season and highly seasonal climate, and brown bears (Ursus arctos) there face many challenges obtaining their nutritional requirements. Consumption of meat by brown bears is linked to increases in population density, fecundity, growth and body size. I examined the use of Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii), and broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) as meat sources by Mackenzie Delta brown bears. As a preliminary step, I built an Arctic ground squirrel habitat model, using field-surveyed ground squirrel burrow locations. Using this model, I examined bears selection for Arctic ground squirrel habitat as a population, by sex and as individuals, and linked this to results of stable isotope analysis and site investigations. Bears showed little evidence of Arctic ground squirrel use at the population and sex level, but some individual bears appeared to prey heavily on ground squirrels, particularly during hyperphagia. I also described observations of a brown bear using broad whitefish in autumn, and used telemetry locations to show that other bears may also feed heavily on broad whitefish during hyperphagia. My research provides prey-specific evidence for intrapopulation niche variation among Mackenzie Delta brown bears. / Ecology
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Effets de l’environnement social et physique sur l’évolution des comportements de reproduction : étude chez un mammifère hibernant et un oiseau migrateur / Effects of the social and physical environment on the evolution of reproductive behaviours : Study in a hibernating mammal and a migratory birdArnaud, Coline 13 September 2012 (has links)
En écologie évolutive, les comportements de reproduction sont particulièrement intéressants de part leur impact sur le succès reproducteur et donc leur lien étroit avec la valeur sélective individuelle. En s'appuyant sur des suivis individuels à long-terme de populations naturelles d'un rongeur hibernant et d'un oiseau marin migrateur, cette thèse a eu pour objectif 1) de déterminer la présence de sélection de parentèle et le lien entre l'environnement social et la philopatrie chez le spermophile du Columbia (Urocitellus columbianus) et 2) d'estimer le potentiel évolutif de la phénologie de la migration et la reproduction chez la sterne pierregarin (Sterna hirundo).Alors que la dispersion à longue distance a été largement étudiée chez de nombreux taxa, notre compréhension des mouvements au sein d'une colonie, en particulier en tenant compte de l'environnement social, reste limitée. Pourtant l'organisation spatiale des individus apparentés peut être fortement liée à l'évolution de la coopération, qui a pour condition nécessaire la présence de sélection de parentèle. Les travaux de cette thèse montrent que les femelles spermophiles du Columbia coopérant avec des apparentées ont une valeur sélective inclusive plus élevée que les autres femelles, révélant une forte influence de la sélection de parentèle. Les femelles sont fortement philopatriques au sein de la colonie et les mouvements à courte distance semblent liés à un partage de l'espace avec les apparentées. La philopatrie et les ajustements spatiaux permettent une forte proximité entre apparentées, qui est à la base de leur coopération. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives prometteuses pour explorer les mécanismes proximaux et ultimes de la coopération, en particulier en lien avec l'évolution des personnalités.Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, de nombreuses études chez les oiseaux documentent un avancement de la phénologie. L'étude d'une population déclinante de sternes pierregarins montrant un retard progressif des dates de ponte soulève l'importance d'évaluer les changements évolutifs attendus ainsi que les contraintes évolutives pour la phénologie de la migration et de la reproduction. Ces travaux montrent une diminution des variances phénotypique et génétique additive de la date d'arrivée de la migration printanière avec l'avancement du stade reproducteur. Ce résultat révèle un cas original de forte sélection passée pour la canalisation d'un trait comportemental, pouvant représenter une contrainte évolutive pour ce caractère. En outre, alors que la phénologie de la reproduction est classiquement considérée comme un caractère femelle-spécifique, l'analyse révèle un effet environnemental indirect du mâle sur la date de ponte, lié à la nécessité d'une synchronisation entre les partenaires pour l'arrivée de la migration printanière. Malgré d'une part l'absence de contraintes génétiques et d'autre part une héritabilité et une variance génétique additive significatives, les changements évolutifs attendus pour des dates de ponte plus précoces sont restreints du fait d'une sélection faible. De même, le potentiel évolutif de la date d'arrivée de la migration est limité. Des recherches futures explorant la plasticité phénotypique et la désynchronisation entre la phénologie des sternes et de leurs proies pourraient expliquer le retard de la phénologie de la reproduction en contraste avec nos prédictions. / In evolutionary ecology, behaviours associated with reproduction are particularly interesting because of their impact on reproductive success, and thus their close link to individual fitness. Using long-term individual monitoring of natural populations of a hibernating rodent and a migratory seabird, the aims of this PhD were 1) to determine presence of kin selection and relationship between social environment and philopatry in Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus) and 2) estimate the evolutionary potential of the migratory and reproductive phenology in common terns (Sterna hirundo).While long-distance dispersal has been well studied in numerous taxa, our understanding of within-colony movements is still limited, particularly with respect to the social environment. However, spatial organization of kin can be strongly related to the evolution of nepotistic cooperation, which requires kin selection as a necessary condition. My studies show that female Columbian ground squirrels that cooperate with kin have higher inclusive fitness, revealing a strong influence of kin selection. Females are strongly philopatric within the colony and short-distance movements seemed to be linked to sharing of space with kin. Philopatry and spatial accommodation promote strong proximity between kin, which is the basis of their cooperation. These results offer promising research perspectives for the exploration of proximate and ultimate mechanisms of cooperation, particularly linked with the evolution of personality.In the context of climate change, numerous studies in birds document advances of avian phenology. The study of a declining population of common terns exhibiting a progressive delay of laying dates indicates the importance of evaluating expected evolutionary changes, as well as constraints on migratory and reproductive phenology. My studies found a decrease of the phenotypic and additive genetic variances in arrival date from spring migration with advancing reproductive stage. This result reveals an original case of strong past selection for canalization of a behavioural trait, perhaps representing an evolutionary constraint. Also, while phenology of reproduction is classically considered a female-specific trait, analyses show an indirect environmental effect of male on laying date, linked to the need of partners to be synchronized when arriving from spring migration. In spite of, on one hand, lack of genetic constraints, and on the other hand, significant heritability and genetic variance, expected evolutionary changes for earlier laying dates are limited due to a weak selection. Similarly, the evolutionary potential of arrival date from spring migration is limited. Future research exploring phenotypic plasticity and the mismatch between the phenology of terns and their prey might explain the delay of the reproduction phenology, in contrast with our expectations.
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MODELING THE POTENTIAL FOR GREATER PRAIRIE-CHICKEN AND FRANKLIN’S GROUND SQUIRREL REINTRODUCTION TO AN INDIANA TALLGRASS PRAIRIEZachary T Finn (11715284) 22 November 2021 (has links)
<p>Greater prairie-chickens (<i>Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus</i>; GPC) have
declined throughout large areas in the eastern portion of their range. I used
species distribution modeling to predict most appropriate areas of
translocation of GPC in and around Kankakee Sands, a tallgrass prairie in
northwest Indiana, USA. I used MaxEnt for modelling the predictions based on
relevant environmental predictors along with occurrence points of 54 known lek
sites. I created four models inspired by Hovick et al. (2015): Universal,
Environmental, Anthropogenic-Landcover, and Anthropogenic-MODIS. The Universal,
Environmental, and Anthropogenic-MODIS models possessed passable AUC scores
with low omission error rates. However, only the Universal model performed
better than the null model according to binomial testing. I created maps of all
models with passing AUC scores along with an overlay map displaying the highest
predictions across all passing models. MaxEnt predicted high relative
likelihoods of occurrence for the entirety of Kankakee Sands and many areas in
the nearby landscape, including the surrounding agricultural matrix. With implementation
of some management suggestions and potential cooperation with local farmers,
GPC translocation to the area appears plausible.</p>
<p>Franklin’s ground squirrels (<i>Poliocitellus franklinii</i>; FGS) have
declined throughout a large portion of the eastern periphery of their range.
Because of this, The Nature Conservancy is interested in establishing a new
population of these animals via translocation. The area of interest is
tallgrass prairie in northwest Indiana, USA: Kankakee Sands and the surrounding
landscape. Species distribution modelling can help identify areas that are
suitable for translocation. I used MaxEnt, relevant environmental variables,
and 44 known occurrence points to model the potential for translocation of FGS
to Kankakee Sands and the surrounding area. I created four models inspired by
Hovick et al. (2015): Universal, Environmental, Anthropogenic-Landcover, and
Anthropogenic-MODIS. I created maps of models with passing AUC scores. The
final map was an overlay map displaying the highest relative likelihood of
occurrence predictions for the area in all passing models. Only the Universal
and Anthropogenic-MODIS models had passable AUC scores. Both had acceptable
omission error rates. However, none of the models performed better than the
null model (p < 0.05). MaxEnt predicted that a few areas in and outside of Kankakee
Sands possess high relative likelihoods of occurrence of FGS in both the
Universal and Anthropogenic-MODIS models. However, MaxEnt predicted high
relative likelihoods in the surrounding agricultural matrix in the Universal
Model. FGS prefer to cross through agricultural areas via unmowed roadside
instead of open fields (Duggan et al. 2011). Because of this, high predictions
in agricultural matrices in the Universal model are irrelevant. High relative
likelihood predictions for linear sections that are obviously roads are
disregardable in the context of my modeling efforts. Because of my low sample
size, none of the models are really reliable in predicting relative likelihoods
of occurrence for this area. Despite high relative likelihood predictions, the
appropriateness of a translocation effort to the area is inconclusive.</p>
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Vijabilnost populacije tekunice (Spermophilus citellus) pod uticajem promene klime i staništa / Viability of European ground squirrel population (Spermophilus citellus) under climate and land use change.Nikolić Tijana 24 October 2019 (has links)
<p>U radu je analiziran odgovor lokalnih populacija tekunice u Vojvodini na<br />promene uslova klime i korišćenja zemljišta. Odgovori populacija tekunice<br />(tipičnog predstavnika otvorenih staništa i idealnog model organizma) na<br />pomenute promene omogućiće razmatranje kako mere na regionalnom nivou: i)<br />mogu unaprediti zaštitu i očuvanje tekunice ii) ublažiti efekti promene klime i<br />korišćenja zemljišta iii) mogu usaglasiti razvoj poljoprivrede sa očuvanjem<br />biodiverziteta travnatih ekosistema. Kako bi se odgovorilo na pitanja i postavljene hipoteze u radu sprovedeno je terensko istraživanje, korišćen standardni prostorni pristup i ekološko modelovanje. Sve primenjene tehnike su komplementarne jedna drugoj u dobijanju odgovora na postavljena pitanja gde rezultati jedne analize predstavljaju ulazne podatke za drugu analizu. U tezi su korišćeni podaci dobijeni na osnovu terenskog mapiranja lokalnih populacija i podaci iz eksperimenta modelovanja kao i serija podataka dobijena cenzusom kolonija tekunica i terenskim uzorkovanjem zemljišta i vegetacije. Rasprostranjenje populacija oblikuju klimatski uslovi ali pored abiotičkih faktora uslovljavaju ih i biotički faktori i kretanje jedinki. Promena klime direktno utiče na distribuciju optimalnih uslova. Istraženo je u kojoj meri će doći do promene u distribuciji optimalnih uslova sredine za tekunicu. Potencijalna promena analizirana je uzimajući u obzir klimatski scenario Max Plank Instituta sa tri rcp projekcije i tri generisana prostorna scenarijadistribucije otvorenih travnatih staništa u Vojvodini. Sagledavanje mogućih efekata promene sredinskih uslova dalo je mogućnost da se ukaže na zone koja će biti ključne za očuvanje populacija tekunica i travnatih ekosistema u Vojvodini. Sledeće, s obzirom da disperzija jedinki, dostupnost resursa kao i delovanje lokalnih faktora ugrožavanja (barijere, menadžment staništa, varijabilnost sredinskih uslova, predatorstvo, poljoprivredne aktivnosti) oblikuju distribuciju populacija u prostoru, u radu je analiziran i uticaj promene ovih faktora na distribuciju populacija. Na području lokalnog slatino-stepskog koridora srednjeg Banata istražene su kompozicija biljnih vrsta, upravljanje na staništu, promena u kompoziciji okolnih poljoprivrednih kultura i dinamika populacije. Dobijene su informacije o efektima lokalnih uslova na prisustvo kolonija, veličinu kolonija i kondiciono stanje jedinki. Informacije dobijene u ovim poglavljima su kasnije korišćeni za formiranju seta kriterijuma radi karakterizacije svih mapiranih staništa u Vojvodini. Dalje, veliku ulogu u poljoprivrednom predelu imaju tranziciona staništa koja povezuju lokalne populacije. Identifikovanje koja tranziciona staništa koriste jedinke tekunice je ključno za očuvanje populacija i ublažavanje trena opadanja brojnosti. Na terenu su mapirani distribucioni obrasci lokalnih kolonija tekunice i istraženo je da li postoje razlike na lokalnom i predeonom nivou u distribuciji nastanjenih i napuštenih staništa na području Vojvodine. U radu je dalje analizirana mapirana mreža staništa lokalnih populacija i pretpostavljano je da populacije funkcionišu i održavaju se u okviru metapopulacione strukture. Sa druge strane, veličina i površina koju zauzimaju potencijalne metapopulacione struktura mapirane mreže staništa koje se razlikuju u odnosu na okupiranost, kapacitet i povezanost nisu bile poznate. Kako bi se kvantifikovale potencijalne metapopulacione jedinice i utvrdila vijabilnost svake definisane pojedinačne metapopulacione mreže korišćen je metod ključnog fragmenta. Mapirane mreže evaluirane su iz perspektive samog taksona i testiran je potencijalni disperzioni kapacitet. Proverena je permeabilnost predeonog matriksa između mapiranih staništa i identifikovani su potencijalni koridori za jedinke. Ovakav pristup daje uvid u koji deo predela je značajno i neophodno ulagati ograničena sredstva za zaštitu prirode unutar regiona Vojvodine. U tezi je na kraju ocenjen doprinos trenutne regionalne konzervacione prakse zaštiti staništa tekunice, dat pregled slabih tačaka i predlog predeono adaptacionih mera koji će doprineti zaštiti i očuvanju populacije tekunice kao i mozaika otvorenih travnatih staništa.</p> / <p>The study analyzes the European ground squirrel (EGS) population response to land use and climate change in Vojvodina. The response of the EGS population (typical species of open grassland habitats and the ideal model organism) to changes in environmental conditions in this region will enable consideration of following measures at the local and landscape level: i) effective protection and<br />conservation of the EGS and habitat it relay on; ii) climate change and land use mitigation and adaptation iii) how can we harmonize the development of agriculture and preserve the biodiversity of grassland ecosystem in agricultural settings. In order to answer the questions of this study, the field research was conducted, standard spatial approach and ecological modeling were employed. All applied techniques are complementary to one another in obtaining responses to the questions asked. The results of one analysis represent the input data for the following one. The data for the study were obtained: from EGS local populations’ field mapping, from the modeling experiment, the census campaigned and the field sampling of soil and vegetation. Distribution of populations, which in addition to abiotic factors are conditioned by biotic factors and movement of individuals were evaluated in the context of climate change. Climate change directly affects the distribution of optimalconditions. The potential changes in distribution of optimal environmental conditions for EGS were assessed by considering changes in abiotic factors and the availability of grasslands. The climate scenario obtained using a dynamic vegetation map with three rcp projections and three spatial scenarios for the distribution of open grasslands were used. The extrapolation of a suitable area obtained by presence only model Maxent gives the possibility to point to the zones that will be crucial for preserving the populations and grassland ecosystems in future. Dispersion of individuals, availability of resources and the operation of local threats (e. g. barriers, habitat management, variability of the central conditions, predation, agricultural activities) shape the distribution of populations in space and time. In the area of the local saline steppe corridor of the central Banat in Vojvodina i) the composition of plant species, ii) open grassland habitat management iii) changes in the composition of surrounding crops and iv) population dynamics of EGS have been investigated. The effects of local conditions on the presence, size of colonies and condition of the individuals of EGS were assessed. The information obtained in these chapters was later used to form a set of criteria for the characterization of all mapped habitats in Vojvodina. In the agricultural area, transitional habitats connect local populations of many species. Identifying transitional habitats which potentially can be used by focal species is key to protect and mitigate population decline. For this purpose distribution patterns of the colonies were mapped in the field. The haracteristics and differences among mapped patches at the local and sub landscape scale were detected and evaluated. Later in the study the network of mapped habitats patches was evaluated. It was assumed that mapped populations in Vojvodina function within several metapopulations networks. However, the size and area of potential meta-population networks are likely to differ in relation to occupancy, capacity and habitat connectivity. The knowledge of potential population units was scarce. In order to quantify the potential population units, to determine the viability and conservation priority of each defined habitat network the key patch approach was used. Mapped networks were evaluated from the perspective of the taxon itself and potential dispersed capacity was tested. The ermeability of the matrix area, connectivity of the mapped habitats and the distribution of potential corridors was verified. This approach gives an opportunity to assess to which part of the area and population it is necessary to invest limited resources for nature protection in Vojvodina.The contribution of current regional conservation practice to protection of EGS was evaluated, a brief overview of the weak points and the proposal of preciseadaptation measures that should be taken in Vojvodina are presented in final chapter. The results of this study propose the development of spatial adaption measures and conservation design that will contribute not only in preserving EGS and habitats it relay on but also other wild plant and animal species in this intensively used agricultural settings.</p>
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