Em experimentos que envolvam um fator quantitativo e um qualitativo, é aconselhável que, se detectado efeito significativo da interação entre os fatores na análise de variância, recorra-se a análise de regressão no desdobramento da mesma, no entanto nem sempre a utilização de modelos de regressão linear é a forma mais adequada para avaliar o efeito do fator quantitativo. Neste trabalho é apresentada a forma de ajuste de um modelo de regressão não linear em um experimento com medida repetida no tempo. No experimento considerou-se o ganho de peso, em quilos, de ovinos, machos e fêmeas, da raça Santa Inês em doze idades diferentes. Conduzido como parcela subdividida, pois fator tempo não foi aleatorizado, a análise variância necessita de correção dos graus de liberdade devido à condição de esfericidade não satisfeita. A correção de Geisser e Greenhouse (G-G) foi utilizada para os efeitos da interação e do tempo. O teste F na análise de variância apresentou resultado significativo para interação entre os fatores e, no desdobramento da interação, para avaliação do efeito do fator tempo em cada nível do fator sexo foi proposto o ajuste do modelo Gompertz bem como um teste de aderência para o modelo. Após o ajuste do modelo aos dados de peso de ovinos também foi considerado no estudo a comparação dos parâmetros das curvas de machos e fêmeas. Pela análise proposta foi possível concluir que o modelo univariado, com esquema de parcelas subdivididas, pode ser utilizado em experimentos de crescimento animal, porém sua aplicação está sujeita a verificação da condição de esfericidade. Também foi verificado que incorporar, no desdobramento de interações, o ajuste do modelo Gompertz é um procedimento viável e permitiu avaliar a real qualidade de ajuste do modelo aos dados. Com a comparação dos parâmetros das curvas ajustadas verificou-se que ovinos machos e fêmeas apresentam valores estatisticamente iguais para os parâmetros α e γ, ambos relacionados com o peso ao nascer dos animais. O peso máximo esperado para fêmea (40,7kg) é estatisticamente inferior ao encontrado para os machos (57,3kg), no entanto, sua taxa de crescimento (0,011kg/dia para fêmeas) é superior (0,007kg/dia para machos), ou seja, as fêmeas atingem o peso de estabilização mais rapidamente que os machos. / In experiments involving a qualitative and a quantitative factor, it is advisable that if a significant interaction is detected between factors in the analysis of variance, one should perform regression analysis of the splitting factors. However, the use of linear regression models is not always the most appropriate way to assess the effect of the quantitative factor. This paper presents a way to fit a nonlinear regression model in an experiment with repeated measurements over time. In the experiment, the weight gain of male and female Santa Inês breed sheep, in pounds, in twelve different ages is measured. Conducted in a split-plot design, as the time factor was not randomized, the analysis of variance requires correction of the degrees of freedom, as the sphericity condition is not satisfied. The Greenhouse and Geisser correction (G-G) was used for the purposes of interaction and time. The F test in the analysis of variance showed a significant result for the interaction between the factors and the splitting of the interaction. In order to evaluate the effect of the time factor at each level of the gender factor, a Gompertz model was proposed, as well as a test of model adherence. After fitting the model to the data, a comparison study of the parameters for males and females was also made. For the proposed analysis, we concluded that the univariate model, with split-plot design, can be used in experiments of animal growth, but its application is prone to verification of the sphericity condition. They also found that the incorporation of the splitting of interactions, by adjusting the Gompertz model, is a viable procedure and allowed to evaluate the real quality of fit. By comparing the fitted parameter values, it was found that males and females have statistically identical values for the parameters α and γ, both related to the birth weight of the animals. The maximum weight expected for a female (40.7 kg) is statistically lower than that found for the males (57.3 kg), however, their growth rate (0.011 kg / day for females) is greater than the males\' (0.007 kg / day for males), i.e., females reach weight stabilization faster than males.

Mycoplasma (M.) genitalium é um importante agente de doença sexualmente transmissível sendo, responsável por uma série de desordens do trato urogenital humano. A aderência do micoplasma é um dos principais fatores de virulência na sua patogenicidade e conseqüente colonização nas células hospedeiras. Neste estudo, obte-se a curva de crescimento de duas cepas de M. genitalium (G37 e 1019V) utilizando-se da dosagem proteíca (BCA), densidade óptica (OD600) e PCR em tempo real. A cepa referencial G37 é de alta passagem e foi isolada de homens e a 1019V é de baixa passagem, sendo recentemente isolada de amostra clínica de cérvix humana. Utilizando-se da fase logarítimica obtida pela curva, comparou-se a dinâmica de interação destas cepas na célula epitelial de carcinoma de cérvix humana (HeLa) e na célula endometrial humana (EM42), em diferentes intervalos de tempo com auxílio de microscopia confocal. Apesar destas cepas divergirem na seqüência dos genes relacionados a aderência houve poucas variações entre as curvas de crescimento. A aderência e a invasão de M. genitalium nas células não fagocíticas confirmou os dados de literatura. Entretanto, após 30 minutos de contato com as células, detectou-se o antígeno de aderência de ambas as cepas na região intranuclear Este achado, indica uma nova característica desta espécie ainda não conhecida entre os molicutes. / Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg) is an important cause of sexual transmitted disease and has been implicated in a range of genital tract disorders.The adherence of mycoplasmas is a key virulence attribute, pathogenic features and consequences of host-cell colonization. Herein, we characterize growth properties of two Mg strains (G37 and 1019V) using BCA assay, OD600, CCU assay, real-time PCR. Based upon these strategies, we compared the behavior of similarly grown Mg variants coincubated with HeLa cervical epithelioid cells and EM42 endometrial cells over a dynamic time course.using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Mg G37 is a multiply passaged type strain isolated from a male while 1019V was recently isolated from human cervical samples and only minimally passaged. Both strains further diverge by sequence heterogeneities within adherence-related MG191 and MG192 genes. Despite these differences, our results identified only subtle variations in axenic growth for the two strains. Further and consistent with previous studies, a subset of adherent Mg organisms invaded host cells. However, intranuclear localization was observed, which occurred as early as 30 minutes after infection.

The growth rate of a fish is a fundamental function used in stock assessments to estimate the population size and the fishery pressure affecting the species. There has been recent debate within the stock assessment community regarding which type of growth model best represents the true growth rate of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), in the Atlantic Ocean; specifically, should assessments use a traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve or a so-called “two-stanza” growth curve, which combines one growth rate for smaller individual tuna and another for larger sizes. Using a simulated population created with the software R, both growth models were compared under different scenarios. The first part of this thesis examines the effect of different fisheries and their associated gear selectivity. Purse seine, baitboat and pelagic longline fisheries, which target yellowfin tuna in the Atlantic Ocean, were incorporated into the analysis. The second part looks at different sources of variability that occur either in nature (observation error) or in the process of analysis (process error). These include different growth variation, looking only at the fast growing young fish and using a set birth date versus a spawning period. These scenarios were used to determine if the sample, derived from a fishery-dependent sample, reflects the true population. Three populations of yellowfin tuna were created: an un-fished population, a fished population from stock assessment data, and a fished population from simulation software called ‘Population Simulator’. These populations were all analyzed for the different scenarios as well as the different fisheries. The final part of this thesis looks at three similar tuna species; skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), bigeye (Thunnus obesus ) and albacore (Thunnus alalunga). The same scenarios and gear selectivities were applied to these tuna species. The results of this study showed that the two-stanza growth curve was not a better fit for yellowfin tuna population in the Atlantic Ocean than the traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve. There were several scenarios that favored the two-stanza growth curve, but either it was a sample population not representative of the Atlantic Ocean population, or the two-stanza had no initial growth rate, making it the same as a traditional growth curve. Based on these results, it was evident that the traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve was the more accurate growth curve to use for yellowfin tuna in the Atlantic Ocean and it is recommended that this growth curve be used in the stock assessments going forward.

Este estudo foi realizado para detectar quantitative trait loci (QTL) afetando características e curva de crescimento numa população F2 Holandês x Gir. As características estudadas foram peso ao nascer (BW), peso à desmama (WW), peso aos 205 dias (W205), peso ao sobreano (YW), peso aos 720 dias (W720), ganho de peso diário do nascimento ao desmama (ADG0_60), ganho de peso diário da desmama ao peso aos 205 dias (ADG60_205), ganho de peso diário de peso ao 205 dias ao peso ao sobreano (ADG205_365), ganho de peso diário do sobreano ao peso aos 720 dias (ADG365_720), ganho de peso diário total (ADG), curva de crescimento de peso ao nascer ao peso aos 720 dias (GC). 180 marcadores microssatélites, abrangendo os 29 autossomos bovino e cobrindo 3,322 cM foram selecionados a partir do mapa genético bovino. A média de intervalo de marcador foi 22 cM. Vinte e oito QTLs foram detectados em dez cromossomos, quinze QTLs tem modo aditivo, dois QTLs tem modo de dominância e onze QTLs têm sobredominância como modo de ação. Um QTL sugestivo foi detectado para BW no cromossomo BTA 17 em 1 cM. Um QTL sugestivo foi detectado para W205 no BTA 3 a 20 cM. Quatro QTLs sugestivos foram encontrados para YW no BTA 3 a 7 cM, no BTA 6 a 134,9 cM, no BTA 12 a 1 cM, e no BTA 22 a 1 cM. Para W720, seis QTLs sugestivos foram identificados, no BTA 2 a 30 cM, no BTA 3 a 1 cM, no BTA 6 a 44 cM, no BTA 10 a 20 cM, no BTA 12 a 1cM e no BTA 22 a 1 cM. Um QTL sugestivo foi identificado para ADG0_60 no BTA 8 a 143 cM. Dois QTLs sugestivos foram relatados para ADG60_205 no BTA 3 a 19 cM e no BTA 23 19 cM. Um QTL sugestivo foi observado para ADG205_365 no BTA 12 a 7 cM. Para ADG365_720, três QTLs foram detectados. Dois QTLs têm efeitos sugestivos no BTA 1 a 12 cM e no BTA 10 a 22 cM, um QTL significativo no BTA 6 a 43 cM. Seis QTLs sugestivos para ADG foram encontrados no BTA 2 a 32 cM, no BTA 3 a 1 cM, no BTA 6 a 43 cM, no BTA 10 a 20 cM, no BTA 12 a 1 cM e no BTA 22 a 1 cM. Três QTLs sugestivos foram identificados por GC no BTA 2 a 34 cM, no BTA 12 a 2 cM e no BTA 22 a 3 cM. Nenhum QTL foi detectado para WW em todos os cromossomos. Existem vários efeitos pleiotrópcos nos cromossomos BTA 2, 3, 6, 10, 12 e 22, os quais influenciam as características de crescimento. Foram detectados 22 efeitos epistáticos complexos para as cinco características YW, W720, GC, ADG365_720 e ADG. / This study was conducted to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting growth traits and growth curve using F2 Holstein x Gyr population. Traits analyzed were birth weight (BW), weaning weights (WW), weight at 205 day (W205), yearling weight (YW), weight at 720 day (W720), average daily gain from birth to weaning weight (ADG0_60), average daily gain from weaning weight to weight at 205 days (ADG60_205), average daily gain from weight at 205 days to yearling weight (ADG205_365), average daily gain from yearling weight to weight at 720 days (ADG365_720), total average daily gain (ADG), and growth curve from birth weight to weight at 720 days (GC). 180 microsatellite markers covering the 29 bovine autosomes and covered 3322 cM were chosen from bovine genetic map. The average marker interval was 22 cM. Twenty eight QTLs detected span ten chromosomes, fifteen QTLs had additive mode, two QTLs had dominance mode and eleven QTLs had overdominance mode of gene action. Suggestive QTL was found for BW on BTA 17 at 1 cM. Also, Suggestive QTL was detected for W205 on BTA 3 at 20 cM. Four suggestive QTLs were found for YW on BTA 3 at 7 cM, on BTA 6 at 134.9 cM, on BTA 12 at 1 cM, and on BTA 22 at 1 cM. For W720, six suggestive QTLs were identified, on BTA 2 at 30 cM, on BTA 3 at 1 cM, on BTA 6 at 44 cM, on BTA 10 at 20 cM, on BTA 12 at 1cM and on BTA 22 at 1 cM. Suggestive QTL was observed for ADG0_60 on BTA 8 at 143 cM. Two suggestive QTLs were reported for ADG60_205 on BTA 3 at 19 cM and on BTA 23 at 19 cM. Suggestive QTL was observed for ADG205_365 on BTA 12 at 7 cM. For ADG365_720, three QTLs were detected. Two QTLs had suggestive effect on BTA 1 at 12 cM and BTA 10 at 22 cM, one significant QTL on BTA 6 at 43 cM. Six suggestive QTLs were found for ADG on BTA 2 at 32 cM, BTA 3 at 1 cM, BTA 6 at 43 cM, BTA 10 at 20 cM, BTA 12 at 1 cM and BTA 22 at 1 cM. Three suggestive QTLs were identified for GC on BTA 2 at 34 cM, BTA 12 at 2 cM and BTA 22 at 3 cM. No QTLs were detected for WW in all chromosomes. There were many pleiotropy effects on BTA 2, 3, 6, 10, 12 and 22 influencing growth traits. There were 22 complexes epistatic effects were detected for five traits YW, W720, GC, ADG365_720 and ADG.

This master thesis is oriented on study antimicrobial effects extracts and macerates from cure Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Teoretical part describes basic information about plant Stevia, summary of health significant matters contained in Stevia and posobilities preparing extracts from Stevia. Antimicrobial effects extracts and macerates from cure Stevia were testing on food-borne bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus) and yeasts (Geotrichum candidum and Hansenula anomala). Microorganism, extracts and macerates were chosen on basis previous study (Study of antimicrobial effects Stevia Rebaudiana extracts, Eva Rakovská). For screening antimicrobial activity were determined the growth curves by using turbidimetrie for bacteria and direct treetment metod of cells number for yeasts. Antimicrobial effects were confirmed aplication with diffusion pit method on the agar ranges. From the results flow the testing extracts and macerates from stevia analysed antimicrobial effects. The best effect was demostrated on macerates and the most sensitive was bacteria Micrococcus luteus with the best inhibitoring effects.

This diploma thesis deals with the biodegradation of whey on selected microbial products (carbohydrates, lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol) thermophilic bacteria of genus Thermus aquaticus and mesophilic bacteria of genus Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus coagulans. For cultivation was used as medium whey, from which the proteins were removed and which was enriched with nutrients. On the basis of culture in the fermentor were determined growth curve and the HPLC method were determined individual bioremediation products.

The classification of observations based on repeated measurements performed on the same subject over a given period of time or under different conditions is a common procedure in many disciplines such as medicine, psychology and environmental studies. In this thesis repeated measurements follow the Growth Curve model and are classified using linear discriminant analysis. The aim of this thesis is both to examine the effect of missing data on classification accuracy and to examine the effect of additional data on classification robustness. The results indicate that an increasing amount of missing data leads to a progressive decline in classification accuracy. With regard to the effect of additional data on classification robustness the results show a less predictable effect which can only be characterised as a general tendency towards improved robustness.

The Growth Curve Model is a bilinear statistical model which can be used to analyse several groups of repeated measurements. Normally the Growth Curve Model is defined in such a way that the permitted sampling frequency of the repeated measurement is limited by the number of observed individuals in the data set.In this thesis, we examine the possibilities of utilizing highly frequently sampled measurements to increase classification accuracy for real world data. That is, we look at the case where the regular Growth Curve Model is not defined due to the relationship between the sampling frequency and the number of observed individuals. When working with this high frequency data, we develop a new method of basis selection for the regression analysis which yields what we call a Bilinear Gaussian Radial Basis Function Network (BGRBFN), which we then compare to more conventional polynomial and trigonometrical functional bases. Finally, we examine if Tikhonov regularization can be used to further increase the classification accuracy in the high frequency data case.Our findings suggest that the BGRBFN performs better than the conventional methods in both classification accuracy and functional approximability. The results also suggest that both high frequency data and furthermore Tikhonov regularization can be used to increase classification accuracy.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2023 / The development curve of Venda chicken fed with various amounts of citric acid was evaluated using nonlinear models in an experiment. to ascertain the effects of citric acid supplementation level on feed intake, body weight increase, and linear measurements on Venda chickens. 200 male Venda chickens were used in the experiment which lasted 90 days. The chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments (0, 12.5, 25 and 50g of citric acid inclusion) with 5 replications, resulting in 20 floor pens with 10 chicks per replicate. A completely randomized design was employed as experimental design. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effect of citric acid on feed intake, body weight gain, FCR, GR and body linear measurements. Three different non-linear models, namely Gompertz, Weibull, and Richards, were used to define the growth curves of the Venda chickens. The Duncan multiple range test at the 5% level of significance was utilized to detect significant differences between the means. Models were compared using coefficients of determination (R2) and standard errors (SE). The results indicated that feed intake, body weight, average daily gain and growth rate of Venda chickens were not affected (p > 0.05) by citric acid supplementation levels. Similarly, Citric acid supplementation had no effects (p > 0.05) on the shank length and wing length of Venda chickens. However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of Venda chickens was improved (p < 0.05) by with an increase in citric acid supplementation. The Venda chicken fed citric acid at grower phase and finisher phase had better growth performances than the starter phase. Citric acid supplementation improved the back length and thigh length of Venda chickens. The Venda chickens fed citric acid at 25g inclusion level significantly higher back and thigh length. The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.00 to 0.98 in all the treatments. The Gompertz Model and Richards Models both exhibited the same coefficient of determination across all treatments. The model with the lowest standard error was found to best describe the growth curve of male Venda across all treatments. The Gompertz model was observed to be suitable for explaining the growth of Venda chickens fed with feed without citric acid (CA0g) and citric acid 125g inclusion (CA12.5g). The Richards model was observed to be suitable for explaining the growth of Venda chickens fed citric acid 25g inclusion (CA25g) and citric acid 50g inclusion (CA50g). It is recommended to use a supplement containing lower citric acid to enhance the body linear measurements and growth performance of the chickens. Gompertz and Richards models can be utilized to characterize the growth curve of Venda chickens. / National Research Foundation (NRF)