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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1994. / "December 1994." Thesis advisor(s): Jan Breemer. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

This thesis argues that while there are various contending notions of how a government can improve its chances of success in a small war, few strategies will be effective without the application of a comprehensive program of population control measures. For this study, small wars are conflicts in which a government uses limited means to secure national objectives against an adversary who uses primarily the tactics of guerrilla warfare. Population control measures are defined as those restrictions imposed on movement, on choice of residence, and on the availability of food that protect the population from the insurgents while simultaneously denying the insurgents access to critical resources. This work examines the vital importance of population control measures in overcoming guerrilla forces lacking external sponsors in small wars during the period 1870 to 1960. Five examples are used to determine their importance: the treatment of prairie Amerindians in the Canadian West (1870 – 1890); the guerrilla phase of the Philippine-American War (1898 – 1902); the guerrilla phase of the South African War (1899 – 1902); the Malayan Emergency (1948 – 1960); and the Kenyan Emergency (1952 – 1960). Within the broad strategies used to prosecute these campaigns, population control measures were a consistent feature and were instrumental in contributing to the termination of the conflicts. Despite their importance, these measures are typically overlooked or only treated superficially when discussed by historians. Therefore, to understand more fully the outcome of small wars, greater attention needs to be applied to the study of these measures. In small wars the primary contest between the belligerents is for control of the people. For the government, the strategic value of population control measures is in how they separate the population from the guerrillas. This denies a wide range of critical resources to the guerrillas and additionally allows the government to both prosecute its campaign more effectively and protect the population better. Population control measures need to be a key component of a government’s strategy in a small war as their proper application may be the tipping-point between success and failure. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2013-11-29 16:13:52.31

This thesis examines a largely unexplored area of deterrence theory: unconventional deterrence. Unconventional deterrence is defined herein as "persuading the opponent not to attack, via threats of unconventional warfare, such as guerrilla resistance and terrorism." It treats terrorism as a punishment strategy, through which the one deterring threatens to punish the aggressor's population. Guerrilla warfare is a denial strategy, through which the one deterring threatens to protract a war and deny the aggressor his political objectives. This study questions the underlying hypothesis of deterrence theory which says that the balance of the opponents' military capabilities is the basic determinant of successful deterrence. Rather, the hypothesis here is that the deterrer may deter the aggressor from attacking by adopting a strategy that makes the aggressor's military superiority irrelevant. The present thesis focuses primarily on relatively weak states. Unconventional deterrence is explored as a means for a weaker state to deter a considerably stronger opponent. This thesis discusses the requirements for successful deterrence, and the peculiarities of unconventional deterrence. As well, the dynamics of small wars are explored in order to unfold a paradoxical phenomenon: the possibility of an underdog's victory in war. Two case studies: (1) the Vietnam War of 1964-73 and (2) the Afghanistan War of 1979-89 are explored as examples of the weak denying the strong their objectives.

The three objectives to this thesis are: to determine through historical investigation the primary motivations and impetuses behind the creation and development of special operations forces (SOF) within the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China; to provide a detailed briefing of modern PLA SOF; to determine whether PLA SOF contingents will develop an American "Green Beret"-type Unconventional Warfare (UW) capability in the immediate future. The third objective will be ascertained through a brief investigation of the history, motivations and national strategy behind the United States Army Special Forces. It will also examine the doctrinal leanings of Local War Under High Tech Conditions, as well as the strategic and political objectives of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and how both factors pertain to and affect the missions of PLA SOF. Through the course of this thesis' research, it was discovered that doctrinal changes within the PLA, post-1979 PLA modernization and professionalization efforts, financial constraints on regional power projection goals, and the First Gulf War were the primary drivers behind the creation and development of PLA SOF. At present, an integral UW capability within PLA SOF is constrained by the Chinese military's current doctrinal emphasis--fighting a short war--and the PRC's strategic and political goals--translating regional economic interdependence into regional dominance.

"Outsourcing Small Wars: Expanding the Role of Private Military Companies in U.S. Military Operations" argues that, under current domestic and international laws, and current military regulations and doctrine, the U.S. Army could, with only a few uniformed personnel, employ a force consisting of predominately private military companies (PMCs) to fight a non-vital interest U.S. small war. This work identifies a historical U.S. willingness to outsource operations that are traditionally conducted by its uniformed military; categorizes outsourcing as surrogate warfare and, therefore, manageable by U.S. Army Special Forces; addresses some of the risks involved with outsourcing; and analyzes the legal environment in which PMCs operate in today today's environment. The recommendation from this thesis includes an illustration of how a Special Forces-led private military force should be organized, paying particular attention to the key components of the contract.

As a tactic of dissent and political protest, appropriation artists use commercial and government images to critique power, by subverting the intended message and displaying their critique in public spaces. Appropriation activists are revolutionary subjects, graphic agitators, and rebellious bricoleurs who engage in the tactics of guerrilla semiotics, `subvertising,' fauxvertising and culture jamming, to expose advertising imagery as a system of ideology that manufactures identity, sublimates desire, and naturalizes the construction of race, class, and gender. Their tactics also indicate the attempt to reclaim public space to address the privatization of culture and the unequal access to cultural resources. The use of images and tactics of appropriation creates a more diverse array of voices in the public sphere and opens spaces for active participatory engagement with the public to address systematic asymmetries of power. The appropriation tactics and images used by Barbara Kruger, Jenny Holzer, and the Guerrilla Girls in the late seventies and eighties, for example, addressed the normalizing representations of gender, sexuality and identity in advertising and the idealized promises of consumption. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the Billboard Liberation Front, Adbsuters, Robbie Conal, and Shepard Fairey engaged in ideological warfare over the right to own, access, produce and display appropriated images. From billboards intended for commercial advertising to the display of `subvertisements' in magazines, and the un-commercials to promote Buy Nothing Day and TV Turn off Week, these activists confront the prevailing cultural apparatuses of meaning and the political economic structures that enable their power. To capture the cynical trendsetting demographic more resistant to traditional advertising, advertisers have co-opted the imagery, style and tactics of these artists. Their tactical strikes and visual style now convey hip, new, edgy and cool brand identities. Their images have also been commodified as commercial products and institutionalized art and have become fashion. As appropriation artists and advertising agencies engage in the same tactics and use the same visual style, the lines between art, appropriation and advertising have blurred and the public sphere overcome with a pastiche of visual codes. The dissertation traces the tactics of appropriation of Barbara Kruger, The Billboard Liberation Front and Shepard Fairey as exemplars of transgression and commodification within the changing commercial conditions of neo-liberalism. Their works, tactics and strategies are emphasized as points of insight into the practices and conditions of subversion as well as the limits of hegemonic containment that reproduces the political and economic structure within which they operated. The dissertation furthers and contributes to the theoretical and methodology of critical cultural studies as it emphasizes the role of the economy and ideology in reproducing the prevailing hegemonic order. Critical cultural studies hinges on the concepts of hegemony as lived discursive and ideological struggles over meaning and communication resources within historically specific and socially structured contexts. This framework emphasizes the poetics of appropriation - the use, meaning and spaces of articulation of visual representations with the politics - the socio-economic and discursive conditions that reproduce the dominant social order.

Introduction: One is under continuous influence of commercials and advertisements each day, it has reached to such a level that the end customer are blocking today’s channels. Therefore the authors of this thesis argue that mainstream marketing approaches are getting old, TV commercials and traditional advertisements are not as effective as it has been. For instance, in 1965 one could reach 80% of a mainstream target audience with three advertisements spots. Accordingly, in 2002, one needed 127 spots to reach the same percentage. Organizations need new ways to reach through the clutter in the market. Therefore, guerrilla marketing is interesting. The purpose of this thesis is to examine guerrilla marketing. Methodology: The authors wanted to examine the phenomenon of guerrilla marketing and therefore decided to use a qualitative approach to construct a deep and profound picture. In order to fulfill the purpose, the authors of this thesis conducted 7 interviews with profound respondents from both Sweden and the USA. Results: According to the empirical findings guerrilla marketing is a faster and more innovating way of marketing, which meets the end customer with new creative ways. Comparing to traditional marketing, guerrilla marketing creates attention with a smaller budget and can often result in free publicity in other media. Further the overall opinion of guerrilla marketing is positive, since a lot of the feedbacks for the different campaigns have been positive, although in some organizations guerrilla marketing could meet some criticism and conservatism. The connection between our empirical findings and the frame of reference is a fact; guerrilla marketing is very much about communicating a message using several senses to make sure that if will stay with the end customers. Although, initially smaller companies used guerrilla marketing but today it is clear that companies of all sizes can use it, it is more depending on the position in the market. To conclude, when the authors started the work on this thesis they were in the consensus that guerrilla marketing was a method or an approach, although today it is clear. Guerrilla marketing is more than that; it is a state of mind, openness to innovation and creativity within marketing. One can use it as a compliment to other traditional campaigns, in order to create word of mouth or publicity in other media.

<p>Introduction: One is under continuous influence of commercials and advertisements each day, it has reached to such a level that the end customer are blocking today’s channels. Therefore the authors of this thesis argue that mainstream marketing approaches are getting old, TV commercials and traditional advertisements are not as effective as it has been. For instance, in 1965 one could reach 80% of a mainstream target audience with three advertisements spots. Accordingly, in 2002, one needed 127 spots to reach the same percentage. Organizations need new ways to reach through the clutter in the market. Therefore, guerrilla marketing is interesting. The purpose of this thesis is to examine guerrilla marketing.</p><p>Methodology: The authors wanted to examine the phenomenon of guerrilla marketing and therefore decided to use a qualitative approach to construct a deep and profound picture. In order to fulfill the purpose, the authors of this thesis conducted 7 interviews with profound respondents from both Sweden and the USA.</p><p>Results: According to the empirical findings guerrilla marketing is a faster and more innovating way of marketing, which meets the end customer with new creative ways. Comparing to traditional marketing, guerrilla marketing creates attention with a smaller budget and can often result in free publicity in other media. Further the overall opinion of guerrilla marketing is positive, since a lot of the feedbacks for the different campaigns have been positive, although in some organizations guerrilla marketing could meet some criticism and conservatism. The connection between our empirical findings and the frame of reference is a fact; guerrilla marketing is very much about communicating a message using several senses to make sure that if will stay with the end customers. Although, initially smaller companies used guerrilla marketing but today it is clear that companies of all sizes can use it, it is more depending on the position in the market.</p><p>To conclude, when the authors started the work on this thesis they were in the consensus that guerrilla marketing was a method or an approach, although today it is clear. Guerrilla marketing is more than that; it is a state of mind, openness to innovation and creativity within marketing. One can use it as a compliment to other traditional campaigns, in order to create word of mouth or publicity in other media.</p>

Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. / Thesis advisor(s): Gordon McCormick, Hy Rothstein. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-85). Also available online.