No description available.

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Polysaccharide nanoparticles obtained from Anadenanthera macrocarpa tree exudates (angico gum, AG) and chitosan (CH) were produced by polyelectrolyte complex formation as well as by graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto a AG backbone. The polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were obtained by using AG and its carboxymethylated derivatives with degrees of substitution 0.20 and 0.63 as polianions. Reaction parameters investigated were polymer concentration, molar mass, order of solution addition, charge ratio (n+/n-) and AG degree of substitution of carboxymethylated samples. Data revealed that nanoparticles formed by adding AG to CH (AGCH) are in the range of 17.4 to 41.9 nm. Increasing polyelectrolyte concentration led to a decrease in particle size. Larger sizes were observed for charge ratios (n+/n-) > 1. Regarding the molar mass effect, the higher the chitosan molar mass, the larger are the particle sizes. Atomic Force Spectroscopy revealed that for samples with charge ratio n+/n- = 1, particle sizes were 10 and 14 nm, for high (CHa) and low (CHb) chitosan molar mass, respectively. These figures are lower than those analyzed by light scattering measurements (25.1 and 28.2 nm respectively for AGCHa at n+/n- = 1). Nanoparticles prepared using carboxymethylated AG (CMA) have their sizes strongly dependent on charge ratio; for those samples obtained from CMA with degree of substitution (DS) 0.20 and CHa, size distribution is similar to that of AGCHa samples. For samples synthesized with 0.63 DS, size distribution is dependent on charge ratio: for n+/n-< 0.8 similar distribution is observed as those of AGCHa and CMCHa; for n+/n- > 0.8 larger particles (140 - 636 nm) are produced. CMACHa with 0.63 DS, n+/n- = 4, was used as a matrix for chloroquine encapsulation resulting in a efficiency of encapsulation of 43 %. In vitro release was investigated at pH 5.8 and 7.4, a slower release profile being observed at pH 5.8, whereby only 20 % of drug was released in 22 days. Faster release was observed at pH 7.4, where 84 % of drug was released in 6 h, completion being achieved only after 10 days. Data obtained seem to point out that this system can be used for oral drug administration. AG nanoparticles were also produced by acrylic acid radical polymerization on AG backbone, using cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator and methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinking agent. It was investigated the effects of glycosidic unit/acrylic acid (GU/AA) and AA/CAN molar ratios on particle size. AG/AA nanoparticles were found to have sizes in the range 6.4 â 19.4 nm, according to GU/AA ratio and an average reaction yield of 56.6 %. Decreasing initiator concentration resulted in low particle size and high polidispersity. By inserting AA onto AG backbone, smaller particle size was obtained than homopolymer one (417 nm). No pH response was found for AG/AA nanoparticles. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was doped in AG/AA nanoparticles, with an encapsulation efficiency of 50 % resulting in a low release profile, where 69 % of BSA being released in 30 days. / NanopartÃculas do polissacarÃdeo extraÃdo de exsudatos de Ãrvores da Anadenanthera macrocarpa (goma do angico, GA) foram produzidas utilizando como rotas de sÃnteses a complexaÃÃo polieletrolÃtica (CEP) com quitosana (QT) e a copolimerizaÃÃo por enxertia de Ãcido acrÃlico (AA). Na rota de complexaÃÃo polieletrolÃtica a goma do angico (GA) e seus derivados carboximetilados (CMA) com grau de substituiÃÃo (GS) de 0,20 e 0,63 foram utilizados como poliÃnions. Foram investigados alguns parÃmetros que influenciam o tamanho da nanopartÃcula tais como: concentraÃÃo dos polissacarÃdeos, ordem de adiÃÃo das soluÃÃes polieletrolÃticas, massa molar da quitosana, razÃo de carga dos polieletrÃlitos e grau de substituiÃÃo da goma do angico carboximetilada. NanopartÃculas formadas pela adiÃÃo de GA a quitosana de alta massa molar (QTa) (GAQTA) possuem valores de tamanho variando de 17,4 a 41,9 nm. O aumento da concentraÃÃo dos polieletrÃlitos ocasionou uma diminuiÃÃo nos tamanhos de partÃculas. Maiores valores de tamanho foram observados para nanopartÃculas com razÃo molar de cargas (n+/n-) > 1. Quanto maior a massa molar da quitosana maior o tamanho das nanopartÃculas. A variaÃÃo do tamanho com ordem de adiÃÃo dos polieletrÃlitos depende de outros fatores como razÃo molar de cargas e massa molar da quitosana. A anÃlise por microscopia de forÃa atÃmica das nanopartÃculas de GAQTa e GAQTb na razÃo de carga n+/n- = 1 apresentam partÃculas ovaladas com diÃmetros de 10 a 14 nm respectivamente. Estes valores sÃo inferiores ao obtidos por espalhamento de luz (25,1 e 28,2 nm respectivamente para GAQTa e GAQTb na razÃo de carga n+/n- = 1). O aumento da densidade de carga pela reaÃÃo de carboximetilaÃÃo afeta significantemente o tamanho das partÃculas. NanopartÃcula formadas com CMA GS 0,20 e quitosana de alta massa molar (QTA) apresenta valores similares ao observado para nanopartÃculas de GAQTa (14 a 30 nm). Quando o GS à aumentado para 0,63 as nanopartÃculas exibem comportamento diferente dependendo da razÃo de carga (n+/n-) na qual a nanopartÃculas foi sintetizada. Para valores de n+/n- < 0,8 os tamanhos de partÃculas sÃo similares aos observados para GAQTa e CMA0,20QTa, entretanto para n+/n- > 0,8 partÃculas maiores sÃo produzidas (~ 140 a 636 nm). O estudo de incorporaÃÃo e ensaio in vitro de liberaÃÃo de cloroquina foi realizado utilizando como matriz nanopartÃculas de CMA0,63QTa na razÃo n+/n- igual a 4 (431 nm) devido a esta apresentar maior eficiÃncia de encapsulamento do fÃrmaco. A nanopartÃcula incorporou 43 % de cloroquina. Em pH 5,8 a liberaÃÃo de cloroquina foi lenta, liberando apenas 20 % em 22 dias. Em pH 7,4 foi observado que a liberaÃÃo à mais rÃpida do que em pH 5,8 tendo liberado 84 % em 6 h, contudo a liberaÃÃo sà atinge o equilÃbrio em 10 dias. Analisando o tamanho de partÃcula e o comportamento da liberaÃÃo, observa-se que este sistema à promissor para administraÃÃo via oral deste fÃrmaco. A segunda rota de sÃntese foi via copolimerizaÃÃo radicalar por enxertia de Ãcido acrÃlico. A reaÃÃo foi realizada utilizando nitrato de amÃnio cÃrico (CAN) como iniciador e bis-acrilamida (MBA) como agente reticulante. Foram avaliados os efeitos da razÃo molar de unidade glicosÃdica/Ãcido acrÃlico (UG/AA) e AA/CAN no tamanho de partÃcula. As nanopartÃculas de goma do angico e Ãcido acrÃlico tiveram tamanhos variando de 6,4 a 19,4 nm dependendo da razÃo UG/AA e um rendimento mÃdio de 56,6 %.Diminuindo a quantidade de iniciador observa-se que o diÃmetro diminui, entretanto que a polidispersividade aumenta. NanopartÃculas sà com poli(Ãcido acrÃlico) apresentam tamanho superior aos valores observados em presenÃa de goma do angico (417 nm). Apesar da presenÃa de Ãcido acrÃlico as nanopartÃculas de GA/AA o tamanho da nanopartÃcula nÃo à sensÃvel ao pH do meio. A incorporaÃÃo de BSA em nanopartÃculas de GA/AA foi de 50 % sendo a liberaÃÃo da proteÃna bem lenta, tendo liberado apenas 69 % da BSA em 30 dias.

The term 'gum', in its broadest sense, refers to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances of high molecular weight which usually exhibit colloidal properties when dispersed in an appropriate solvent. Hydrophobic substances often called gums include high molecular weight hydrocarbons and other petroleum products, rubbers, certain synthetic polymers and resinous saps which often exude from evergreens. More specifically, the term gum applies to plant polysaccharides or their derivatives which are dispersible in either cold or hot water to produce viscous solutions or suspensions. As much as three-quarters of the dry weight of plants may be polysaccharide and, consequently, such substances are of wide occurrence. The most important gums, however, are those which are readily obtainable in large amounts from the plant. Some of these gums are used industrially and, indeed, many have been known since ancient times. One of the chief sources of such polysaccharides is seaweed which furnishes agar, algin and carrageenin while seed gums, such as gum guar and locust bean gum, are also important, particularly from the point of view that the plant which produces the seeds is often grown extensively as a food crop. In contrast to these naturally occurring gums, other gums are obtained from cellulose, one of the main components of the plant cell wall, and starch, a food reserve polysaccharide, by esterification and etherification. Commercially, however, the most important gums are plant exudates and most plant families have been found to include species which exude gums to a greater or lesser degree. In this context, the term 'exudate gum' strictly refers to those commercially important gums which exude in copious amounts from shrubs or low-growing trees, forming, on exposure to the atmosphere, glossy nodules or flakes which are usually brown or yellow in colour. These gum producing trees grow predominantly in Africa or Asia indicating the climatic requirements for their growth.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. / Lucian A. Lucia, Committee Member; Spyros G. Pavlostathis, Committee Member; Sujit Banerjee, Committee Chair; Yulin Deng, Committee Member; Howard L. Empie, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-155).

Thesis (PhD--Mechanical Engineering)--University of Auckland, 2009. / " A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering." "Centre for Advanced Composite Materials." Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1963. / Bibliography: leaves 162-167.