Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

古止攝元音[i]演變為舌尖前高元音[]是中古以來漢語語音一項重大演變，學界一般稱之為「舌尖化」現象。迄今為止，對其演變過程，尤其是對[i]音變後音值的考察尚少見到。 / 本文據實地調查觀察發現：惠陽淡水客家話止攝開口三等[i]元音正處於演變的過程中：老派基本不變，中派開始發生變化，新派完成部分音變；[i]音變的條件為與音、零聲母相拼；音變的過程先從音開始，再擴至零聲母。通過實驗語音學的分析，本文發現惠陽淡水客家話[i]音變後的音值不是一般漢語方言記錄中的[]，而是[]；[i]不是「前化」、「高化」或「舌尖化」，而是「央化」；[i]與零聲母相拼發生音變，更會衍生濁擦音[z]。這種音變以「詞匯擴散」的方式傳播，並與年齡、性別這兩項社會因素有密切關係。 / 在上述淡水客家話[i]音變後之音值性質分析基礎上，再根據《普通話水平測試實施綱要》内之音檔，考察普通話中「」的音值。經過實驗分析後，本文認爲普通話的「」其實就是[]。漢語看似無[]，但[]只是被「」這層假象覆蓋住。 / 希望本文上述的觀察研究能為漢語方言中古止攝元音[i]的歷史演變研究提供一種全新的思考和假設。 / The sound change of vowel [i] to [] of Zhi-Group 止攝 has been an important issue in Chinese phonetics since medieval times, which is commonly called "apicalization" by the academia. Up to now, there are very few studies on the process of the sound change of [i], especially the exact phonetic value of [i] after sound change, can be found. / According to the results of our field work, [i] of Division III 三等, Open Mouth of Zhi-Group 止攝開口 is undergoing sound change in the Hakka Dialect in Danshui, Huiyang. The phonetic value of [i] basically does not change among the members of the old generation, but changing among the members of the middle generation and has changed among the members of the new generation. The phonetic valueof [i] changes when it combines with sibilants and silent initial. The process of sound change starts from sibilants and followed by silent initial. With the analysis of Experimental Phonetics, we find that the exact phonetic value of [i] after sound changeis not []. Even [] is found in many Chinese dialect records, the exact phonetic value should be []. The nature of the sound change of [i] is not "fronting", "raising" nor "apicalized", it should be "centralized". Under the influence of sound change, when [i] is syllabic, voiced alveolar fricative [z] will be produced. The sound change of [i] is spreading by the process of "lexical diffusion" and is closely related to the social factors of age and gender. / We will also examine the exact phonetic value of "" in Putonghua according to Putonghua Shuiping Ceshi Shishi Gangyao 《普通話水平測試綱要》. After experimental analysis, we find that "" should be [] instead. Actually [] exists in Chinese, but it is "covered" by "". / Hope our findings can provide the stuides on the historial change of [i] of Zhi-Group in Chinese dialects with a different thinking angle and a whole new htpothesis. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 黃韻瑜. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-100). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Huang Yunyu.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-95).

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Lettres--Taipei, 2001. / Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Phonological change and language shift of Taiwanese Hokkien in Toa-gu-tiau, Taoyuen. Bibliogr. p. 373-391. Index.

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li zheng zhi da xue, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li zheng zhi da xue, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

In the early decades of the eighteenth century, the Hakka-speaking groups in south Taiwan were initially addressed "ke" (guest) in the writings by the Hoklo-speaking groups in a discriminatory manner. Nevertheless, they established their social status via the assistance to official troops in times of disturbances and via the expression of a collective consciousness through their advocacy of the Pavilion of Loyalty and Righteousness. Their identities were expressed in connection with their native places in the household registrations that were meant for baojia organization, taxation and in particular for imperial examinations. Clearly, the concept of Hakka as an ethnic group was not existent until some officials in the Japanese colonial government, who were influenced by the western idea of race, regarded Hakka-speaking groups as the Hakka race. Even so, more frequently the colonial officials categorized the Hakka-speaking groups "the Guangdong race," which directly applied the native places as their ethnic label. On one hand, this race category was fixed through official household registration, and on the other hand, colonial intellectuals endeavored to accentuate many cultural traits of the Hakka-speaking groups. This process gained legitimacy of the Hakka-speaking groups to be eventually ethnical within the colonial empire. It also perplexed the definitions of the Hakka in the process of the Liudui society's integration into the political and economic structure of the Japanese empire. / In today's Taiwan society, the promotion and construction of the Hakka as a recognized ethnic group is in the ascendant. The Liudui area in the south, together with Taoyuan, Xinzhu and Miaoli counties in the north, are generally acknowledged as the two main congregation areas of the Hakka in Taiwan. "Liudui," derived from the name of a local trans-village military organization in the Qing dynasty, was established by Hakka -dialect speakers in this region. Their religious center was the Pavilion of Loyalty and Righteousness (zhongyi ting) founded to worship the martyrs sacrificed for fighting the rebels. The concept of Liudui has transited from an alliance of Hakka-speaking villages to the symbol representing Taiwan Hakka to the present day. This thesis explores how the complex interaction between the local society and the three different states (the Qing empire, the Japanese colonial government and the Republic of China) in the past four centuries eventually led to the construction of the Hakka identity in the Liudui society. / The construction of the Taiwan Hakka ethnicity was influenced by different classifications in different periods of time. The transition in the wartime colonial period, in particular, was crucial for us to reconsider the relationship between the ethnicity and state as well as the historical process of ethnic construction. / The Japanese colonial government performed assimilation policy and evolved to violent "Kominka" movement in the last decade of her rule in Taiwan. Nevertheless, it was exactly during this wartime period that the construction of the Hakka as a nationality which exported from southern China and Southeast Asia became highly feasible. In particular, the launch of the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" brought opportunities for the integration of different nationalities within the Japanese ruling areas to come into reality. The vision of an enormous empire eventually collapsed because of the defeat of Japan, yet, this process paved the way for the postwar nation-state building in the same line. After the war, some people from the Chinese Mainland and some of them even originated from the Liudui area bore the Hakka identity and settled in Taiwan. They held important military and political positions in the republican government while in China, and they continued to play a crucial role in integrating the Hakka into the post-war nation-building process. It was under such political setting that the integration of Taiwan into the Chinese nation-state and the process of Taiwan's decolonization purported to utilize the historical sources of the Liudui society to be converged toward the ongoing construction of Hakka nationality in the Chinese Mainland. / 陳麗華. / Adviser: David Zame. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-191). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Lihua.

After the surge of Hakka movement in 1980s, Hakka identity has become a public issue. As the Commission of Hakka Affairs in every level of government was constructed and Hakka colleges were founded in several universities in the following years, the category of Hakka people has been institutionalized. But in the meantime, less and less young generation of Hakka people lost the proficiency of the Hakka dialect, which was widely seen as a crucial element of the Hakka identity. This thesis aims to explore how Hakka young generation built their ethnic identity under the paradoxical situation in which the rise of Hakka identify in the public domain has been interwoven with the loss of Hakka proficiency. The author focused on three Hakka groups, including the association of young Hakka in Meinon, the organizations of I-Min Temple (Temple of the Righteous) in Kaohsiung City, and a Hakka dialect classes held by Kaohsiung Municipal government. The author also interview with young Hakka who has no affiliation with any group. The research result found the following results. First, all of the interviewees unanimously refer patrimonial lineage as the criteria of Hakka membership. Second, different groups have different understandings of the contents of Hakka culture. The members in the association of Hakka younger generation in Meinon tend to connect the Hakka identity with local identity, while the interviewees of the organizations of I-Min Temple emphasize the religious practices. The members of the Hakka dialect classes are more responsive to the official version of Hakka identity. Those interviewees without affiliation do not have clear patter and Hakka identity is even not meaningful for many. The study shows that although the public version of Hakka identity emphasizes the diverse sources of identity, but the patrimonial lineage is perceived as the main criteria of Hakka identity. On the other hand, the official category of Hakka does not imply a unified understanding of Hakka ethnicity. This thesis shows the limitation of ¡§groupism¡¨ assumption of which ethnic categories are naturally identical with social groups and social practices. Students of Hakka studies should pay more attention to the complicated relationships between ethnic categories and practices.

The functions of the most of the traditional museums were limited within their buildings to provide indoor activities and to present exhibitions of historical or cultural objects which representing mainly the past authorities. Consequently, they obstruct the preservation on sites for the local cultures. In order to overturn the operation of museums, ¡§New Museum Movement¡¨ based on ¡§popularization,¡¨ ¡§anthropology,¡¨ or ¡§ethnology,¡¨ was started. It deconstructs the central authority and highlights communal heritages. A ¡§living¡¨ museum is built under the ideas of community empowerment, cultural parks and ecomuseums. In 2002, the Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior of Taiwan, initiated the ¡§community development plan¡¨ around the country, including Liouduai Hakka Cultural Park, a major construction in Pingtung County. Combining with the ideas of cultural park and ecomuseum, Liouduai Cultural Park will be established as a Hakka community empowerment. This study is baed on the concept of economuseum to exam the possibilities of operating this cultural park by using Delphi and SWOT analysis. This study suggests that the management strategies of Liouduai Cultural Park should include enhancing the power of local resources; developing into a ¡§theme park¡¨ or a ¡§regional park;¡¨ avoiding repetitive Hakka cultural activities; planning Hakka cultural tourism industry on the whole; proposing marketing strategies that feature in Hakka culture; integrating surrounding scenic spots into parts of the park; combining the recently developed MICE industry with the development of Liouduai Cultural Park to create thecultural industry.

This study explores teachers' views and experiences with native language education and instruction in Taiwan. These teachers are involved in Taiwan's current native language program and also experienced the Mandarin Movement which started several decades ago. Children were usually not allowed to extensively speak their indigenous languages at school throughout that period. Data for this qualitative study was collected from multiple, in-depth, semi-structured and unstructured interviews with 10 Hakka teachers involved in Hakka language instruction in elementary schools in Taiwan. The research findings indicate that teachers need to put great emphasis on motivating students to learn their mother tongue, that the native language program reinforces the value of Hakka culture and Hakka identity, and that parents and schools also play influential roles in maintaining and revitalizing Taiwan's native languages. In addition, this research shows that the Mandarin Movement demonstrated the elementary school's important role in the cultivation of students' language use habits and perceptions toward the various Taiwanese languages. The study also presents suggestions for continuing to implement successful native language learning for elementary school students in Taiwan.