Despite over a century of inquiry, the mechanisms that achieve the close matching of oxygen supply to demand during exercise remain elusive. It has been proposed that in addition to its role as the primary oxygen carrier, the red blood cell (RBC) functions as a roving oxygen sensor, linking the oxygen demand at the muscle with oxygen delivery via the circulation (Ellsworth et al. 1995). It is hypothesised that the RBC would release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in proportion to the number of unoccupied binding sites on the haemoglobin molecule as it traverses regions of high oxygen demand such as the microcirculation of active skeletal muscle. ATP would then stimulate the release of vasodilatory substances from the endothelium which would diffuse to neighbouring vascular smooth muscle resulting in vasodilation and an increase in blood flow in accordance with the oxygen demand set by the muscle. The first step in establishing a role for this mechanism during exercise in humans is to determine whether ATP increases in the venous blood draining an active muscle bed. Based on the handful of published studies, there is an increase in ATP concentration in the femoral vein during knee extensor exercise. However the response has not been studied in other vascular beds in humans. As such, the main aim of this thesis was to measure the ATP response to dynamic handgrip exercise. Secondary aims were to determine whether the response was modified by hypoxia, and to provide information about the timing of the changes in ATP concentration during a bout of handgrip exercise. These questions were addressed in Studies 3 and 4. Because blood flow is central to this hypothesis, a substantial portion of this thesis was also associated with the measurement of forearm blood flow (FBF) using venous occlusion strain gauge plethysmography (VOSGP), and this was conducted in Studies 1 and 2. VOSGP is based on the assumption that with venous outflow prevented, any increase in limb volume is proportional to the rate of arterial inflow. The rate of arterial inflow is determined as the slope of the change in limb volume over time. The slope must be calculated over the initial linear portion of this relationship, when arterial inflow is unaffected by the inevitable rise in venous pressure associated with venous occlusion. VOSGP was initially used to measure blood flow at rest and in response to pharmacological interventions which produced only modest increases in arterial inflow (Joyner et al. 2001). However, measurement of the high rates of arterial inflow that occur with exercise may challenge the limits of this technique. Tschakovsky et al. (1995) reported a marked reduction in arterial inflow over the first four cardiac cycles during venous occlusion following static handgrip exercise that elevated blood flow to 22-24 mL/min/100mL. Only during the first cardiac cycle was arterial inflow unaffected by cuff inflation. As such, the window for measuring high rates of arterial inflow may be very brief. Therefore Study 1 aimed to determine whether blood flow could be measured using VOSGP across the range of arterial inflows that occur with dynamic handgrip exercise. Participants (n = 7) completed four, five-minute bouts of dynamic handgrip exercise at 15, 30, 45, and 60% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). FBF was measured using VOSGP at rest, and following five minutes of dynamic handgrip exercise. The slope of the change in limb volume was measured over the first one, two, three, and four consecutive cardiac cycles following the onset of occlusion. FBF was 2.5 ± 0.5 at rest, and 16.5 ± 4.9, 24.9 ± 9.4, 44.1 ± 22.0, and 57.8 ± 14.9 mL/min/100mL following five minutes of exercise at 15, 30, 45, and 60% MVC, respectively. At rest, arterial inflow decreased across the four cardiac cycles (P = 0.017 for the main effect), however post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed no significant differences between any of the cardiac cycles. In contrast, the inclusion of two, three, or four cardiac cycles at 30 and 60% MVC, and three or four cardiac cycles at 15 and 45% MVC resulted in reductions in calculated arterial inflow compared with using the first cardiac cycle alone (P > 0.05). The inclusion of just two cardiac cycles resulted in a 9-26% reduction in calculated arterial inflow depending on the workload. This reduction was even more pronounced when three (19-40%) or four (26-50%) cardiac cycles were included. In conclusion, resting FBF can be calculated over at least four cardiac cycles during venous occlusion at rest. However, exercising FBF should be calculated from the first cardiac cycle only following dynamic handgrip exercise across the range of intensities used in this study. This extends the findings of Tschakovsky et al. (1995) who demonstrated this effect following handgrip exercise at a single intensity. Study 2 was designed to establish the FBF response to dynamic handgrip exercise, whether the workloads produced different blood flow responses, and to establish the within- and between-day reproducibility of FBF measured using VOSGP. In Part A (within-day reproducibility), participants (n = 7) completed three trials of dynamic handgrip exercise at four intensities (15, 30, 45, and 60% MVC), with each exercise trial separated by 10 minutes of rest. In Part B (between-day reproducibility) participants (n = 7) completed three trials of dynamic handgrip exercise at 15, 30, and 45% MVC on three separate days within a two week period. FBF was measured at rest, and each minute of exercise during brief (5-7 second) pauses in contractions. FBF response. FBF increased from rest at all workloads (P > 0.05), and then plateaued between Minutes 1 to 5 at the 15 and 30% MVC workloads and between Minutes 2 and 5 at the 45% workload (P > 0.05 for each minute compared to Minute 5). Too few participants completed the 60% workload to permit any statistical analysis. FBF reached values of 13.0 ± 2.0, 26.8 ± 8.4, 44.8 ± 14.9, and 52.9 ± 5.1 mL/min/100mL in the final minute of exercise at the 15, 30, 45, and 60% MVC workloads. FBF was different between the 15, 30, and 45% workloads by Minute 3 (P > 0.05). Reproducibility. The within-day test-retest reliability of exercising FBF was poor to moderate (ICC = 0.375-0.624) with individual coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 6-25%, 9-23%, and 9-31% for the 15, 30, and 45% MVC workloads, respectively. The between-day test-retest reliability for resting FBF was moderate (ICC = 0.644, P > 0.05; individual CVs between 1 and 31%). Between-day test-retest reliability for exercising FBF was poor to moderate (ICC = 0.381-0.614), with individual CVs ranging from 14-24%, 8-23%, and 6-18% for the 15, 30, and 45% workloads, respectively. It was concluded from this study that VOSGP provides adequately reproducible measurements to detect changes in FBF of the magnitude seen between workloads in this study. However, the variability in the measurement precludes its use when smaller differences are of interest. Based on the previous findings reporting an increase in ATP concentration during dynamic knee extensor exercise in the leg (Gonzalez-Alonso et al. 2002; Yegutkin et al. 2007), Study 3 was designed to determine whether ATP concentration increased in the venous effluent during dynamic handgrip exercise in the forearm. Since the deoxygenation of haemoglobin is a primary stimulus for ATP release from red blood cells, a further aim was to determine whether this response was augmented by systemic hypoxia. Participants (n = 6) completed four, five-minute bouts of dynamic handgrip exercise at 30, 45, 65, and 85% MVC under normoxia (inspired oxygen fraction = 0.21) and hypoxia (inspired oxygen fraction = 0.12). Blood samples for the determination of ATP concentration were drawn at rest and 180 seconds after the onset of exercise at each workload from a catheter inserted into a forearm vein. Venous plasma ATP concentration at rest was 0.28 ± 0.11 μM/L and remained unchanged during exercise at workloads up to 85% MVC (P > 0.05). Systemic hypoxia, sufficient to reduce arterial oxygen saturation to 83 ± 2%, also failed to alter the plasma ATP concentration (P = 0.148). The lack of a change in ATP concentration was unexpected but there are several possible explanations. It is possible, although unlikely, that ATP was not released in the forearm microcirculation. The previous demonstration that ATP increased in response to static handgrip exercise (Forrester and Lind 1969) would suggest that this was probably not the case. When considered in the context of the findings from Study 4, the most plausible explanation is that a less than optimal blood sampling site may have hindered the measurement of a change in ATP. The blood flow response at the onset of dynamic exercise in the forearm is at least biphasic; Phase 1 describes the immediate, large increase in blood flow within 2 seconds of the onset of exercise and is believed to be governed by mechanical factors whereas Phase 2 has a latency of ~20 seconds and describes a further, slower increase until blood flow reaches steady state (Saunders et al. 2005b). The temporal characteristics of Phase 2, along with the fact that blood flow during this phase is closely related to the metabolic rate of the muscle, suggest regulation by metabolic factors. Currently there is scant evidence detailing the time course of vasodilator release, although it is important to demonstrate that the release of a vasodilatory substance precedes the blood flow response it is proposed to influence (Delp 1999). ATP is released from red blood cells in proportion to the offloading of oxygen and a reduction in the oxygen content of venous blood draining a muscle bed occurs within 10 seconds of the onset of exercise. Thus the release of ATP should follow soon thereafter. As such, Study 4 was designed to determine whether ATP increased in the venous effluent of the forearm following 30 and 180 seconds of dynamic handgrip exercise at 45% MVC; and whether this increase corresponded with a decrease in venous oxygen content. Participants (n = 10) completed two bouts of dynamic handgrip exercise at 45% MVC; the first was one minute in duration, and the second was four minutes in duration. Venous blood samples for the determination of ATP and venous oxygen content were drawn at rest and during exercise from a catheter inserted in a retrograde manner into the median cubital vein. Arterialised samples for the estimation of arterial blood gases and ATP concentration were obtained from the non-exercising hand. ATP concentration in arterialised blood from the non-exercising arm was 0.79 ± 0.30 μM/L at rest and remained unchanged at both time points during exercise (P > 0.05). ATP concentration in the venous blood of the exercising arm increased from 0.60 ± 0.17 μM/L at rest to 1.04 ± 0.33 μM/L 30 seconds after the onset of exercise (P > 0.05), and remained at this higher level after 180 seconds (0.92 ± 0.26 μM/L, P > 0.05 versus rest). This corresponded with a decrease in venous oxygen content from 103 ± 23 mL/L at rest to 68 ± 16 mL/L 30 seconds after the onset of exercise (P > 0.05) and 76 ± 15 mL/L (P > 0.05 versus rest) 180 seconds into exercise. Furthermore, at 180 seconds of exercise, ATP concentration was moderately and inversely related to venous oxygen content (r = -0.651, p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence that ATP concentration is increased in the blood draining the exercising forearm muscles in response to dynamic handgrip exercise. The finding that ATP concentration was increased just 30 seconds after the onset of exercise is also novel, and particularly interesting in the context of the recently reported dynamic response characteristics of the forearm blood flow response. In conclusion, the work contained within this thesis provides several important findings. The first study has provided evidence that measuring high rates of arterial inflow using VOSGP is possible, but that the window for making these measurements is small, probably as brief as a single cardiac cycle. The second study demonstrated that while the reproducibility of forearm blood flow measurements using VOSGP is poor, it is adequate to detect the large changes that occurred between workloads. However, VOSGP cannot be used to detect more modest differences. Common to both Study 3 and 4 was the measurement of ATP at rest, and 180 seconds after the onset of dynamic handgrip exercise at 45% MVC. The primary difference was the position of the catheter which was inserted in an antegrade manner in Study 3, and in a retrograde manner in Study 4. Since ATP was unchanged in Study 3 but increased under similar conditions in Study 4, it is likely that ATP was also released during exercise in Study 3, but that a less than optimal blood sampling site precluded its measurement. This illustrates the necessity to sample blood from as close as possible to the probable site of ATP release, the muscle microcirculation. The most important and novel findings from this body of work come from Study 4. This is the first study to demonstrate an increase in ATP concentration in the forearm in response to dynamic handgrip exercise. However, the most novel finding was that ATP concentration was elevated just 30 seconds after the onset of exercise. Such an early increase has not previously been reported during dynamic exercise in any vascular bed. This is an important finding since establishing the time course for the release of vasodilatory substances is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate blood flow during exercise.

Introdução: O ângulo de fase (AF), derivado da análise de bioimpedância elétrica (BIA), tem sido interpretado como indicador de integridade da membrana celular; e a dinamometria manual têm sido usados como indicadores de prognóstico em algumas situações clínicas. Objetivos: avaliar o comportamento do AF e da dinamometria manual em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca e associá-los com EuroSCORE e desfechos clínicos. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com 50 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, com idade ≥18 anos, entre janeiro de 2015 e outubro de 2015. O AF e a dinamometria manual foram aferidos em três momentos: pré-operatório, pré-alta hospitalar e três meses após à cirurgia. Também foram coletadas as seguintes variáveis: tempo de circulação extracorpórea (CEC), isquemia, ventilação mecânica (VM), tempo de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e tempo de internação hospitalar após à cirurgia e foi calculado o EuroSCORE. Resultados: Os pacientes foram de predominância do sexo masculino 32 (64%) com idade média de 62,8 ± 10,2 anos, tempo de estadia na UTI de 3 dias (2 – 23), tempo de internação pré-operatória de 7 (5 – 61) dias e EuroSCORE 4 (0 – 10) dias. Houve redução do AF, com diferença entre o período pré-operatório e os dois momentos de avaliação no pós-operatório (p<0,001). Quando a dinamometria manual foi avaliada ao longo do tempo foi observada uma redução entre o préoperatório e a pré-alta hospitalar (p<0,001) e recuperação dessa nos três meses após à cirurgia (p<0,001). A VM e o EuroSCORE tiveram correlação inversa com o AF e a dinamometria manual nos três momentos. A correlação do AF no período pré-operatório do EuroScore p=0,007 e o segundo e o terceiro momento p<0,001, e para os três momentos da VM (p<0,001), respectivamente. Já a correlação da dinamometria manual no primeiro e no segundo momento com o EuroSCORE e a VM p <0,001 e no terceiro momento p=0,010 e p=0,018, respectivamente. Conclusões: O AF e a dinamometria manual parecem estar associados ao tempo de VM, tempo de internação na UTI e tempo de internação no pós-operatório em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. / Background and aims: The phase angle (PA), derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), have been interpreted as cell membrane integrity indicator; and the handgrip strength (HGS) have been used as prognostic indicators in some clinical situations. This study aims to evaluate the PA and HGS behavior in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and associate these with clinical outcomes and prognostic. Methods: Cohort prospective study of consecutive recruited patients undergoing cardiac surgery aged ≥18 years. The PA and HGS were measured at three set points: preoperatively, hospital predischarge and three months after surgery. Were also collected: time of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), ischemia, mechanical ventilation (MV), length of stay (LOS) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and LOS after surgery and calculated the EuroSCORE. Results: A decrease in PA was observed between the preoperative and the two postoperative stages (p<0.001). When the HGS was evaluated over time was seen a reduction between preoperative and predischarge (p<0.001) and a recovery in three months after surgery (p<0.001). The MV and EuroSCORE had an inverse association with PA and HGS in three stages. PA correlation in the first stage of the EuroSCORE p=0.007 and the second and third stage p<0.001, and for the three stages of MV (p<0.001), respectively. In HGS correlation in the first and second stage of the EuroSCORE and MV p<0,001 and in the third stage p=0.010 and p=0.018, respectively. Conclusion: PA and HGS appears to be related to MV time, LOS in ICU and LOS after surgery in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Objetivos: Quantificar a ingestão dietética de adultos portadores de hepatopatia crônica correlacionando-a ao estado nutricional, e comparar diferentes métodos de avaliação nutricional nesta população, especialmente métodos de avaliação funcional (dinamometria - FAM - e espessura do músculo adutor do polegar - MAP) e a avaliação global do Royal Free Hospital (RFH-GA). Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados 97 pacientes ambulatoriais do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, com diagnóstico de hepatopatia crônica (41 hepatite crônica – HCr - e 56 cirróticos - CIR) entre abril de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Foi realizada avaliação nutricional através de inquérito alimentar (R24h), antropometria - Índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), avaliação subjetiva global (ASG), FAM, RFH-GA e MAP. Resultados: Pacientes do grupo HCr apresentaram maior ingestão calórica total (p=0,005) e maior ingestão proteica (p<0,0001) que os pacientes CIR. Houve relação entre RFH-GA (p<0,001) e FAM (p<0,05) e ingestão de calorias e proteínas. A prevalência de desnutrição no grupo HCr e no grupo CIR foi, de acordo com RFH-GA (51,2 vs 84% - p=0,002), FAM (61 vs 82,1% - p=0,02), ASG (14,6 vs 32,1% - p=0,048), MAP (7,3vs 14,3% - p=NS), CMB (4,9 vs 14,3% - p=NS) e IMC (2,4 vs 3,6% - p=NS). Houve concordância moderada entre FAM e RFH-GA (k=0,43). Conclusão: Pacientes portadores de hepatopatia crônica, mesmo não cirróticos, têm ingestão energética e proteica inadequadas. Desnutrição é frequente nos dois grupos, especialmente na cirrose. FAM e RFH-GA são os métodos que identificaram maior prevalência de desnutrição nesta população e apresentam concordância entre si. A ingestão insuficiente de calorias e proteinas foi associada ao diagnóstico de DPC pela RFH-GA e FAM. / Background/aims: Objectives: To quantify the dietary intake of adults with chronic liver disease and correlate the nutritional status. Compare different methods of nutritional assessment in this population, in special methods of functional evaluation (hand grip streght – HG and The thickness of the adductor pollices muscle - APM) and the Royal Free Hospital global assessment (RFH-GA). Methods: 97 patients at the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, diagnosed with chronic liver disease (41 chronic hepatitis - CH - and 56 cirrhotic - CIR) between April 2009 and January 2010 was assessed. Nutritional assessment was carried out by dietary recall (24HR), anthropometry (body mass index - BMI - body and arm muscle circumference - AMC), subjective global assessment (SGA), HG, RFH-GA and APM. Results: CH group patients had higher total caloric intake (p = 0.005) and higher protein intake (p <0.0001) than patients CIR. There was a relationship between the RFH-GA (p <0.001) and HG (p <0.001) and intake of calories and proteins. The prevalence of malnutrition in the CH group and the CIR group was by RFH-GA (51.2 vs. 84% - p = 0.002), HG (61 vs 82.1% - p = 0.02), SGA (14.6 vs. 32.1% - p = 0.048), APM (7.3 vs 14.3% - p> 0.05), MAC (4.9 vs 14.3% - p> 0.05) and BMI (2.4 vs. 3.6% - p> 0.05). There was moderate agreement between HG and RFH-GA (k = 0.43). Conclusion: Patients HC and CIR have energy and protein intake inadequate. Malnutrition is common in both groups, especially in the second. RFH-GA and HG are the best methods to identify malnutrition in this population and usually correlate with each other. The insufficient intake of calories and protein contributed to the diagnosis of malnutrition by RFH-GA and HG.

Introdução: O ângulo de fase (AF), derivado da análise de bioimpedância elétrica (BIA), tem sido interpretado como indicador de integridade da membrana celular; e a dinamometria manual têm sido usados como indicadores de prognóstico em algumas situações clínicas. Objetivos: avaliar o comportamento do AF e da dinamometria manual em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca e associá-los com EuroSCORE e desfechos clínicos. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com 50 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, com idade ≥18 anos, entre janeiro de 2015 e outubro de 2015. O AF e a dinamometria manual foram aferidos em três momentos: pré-operatório, pré-alta hospitalar e três meses após à cirurgia. Também foram coletadas as seguintes variáveis: tempo de circulação extracorpórea (CEC), isquemia, ventilação mecânica (VM), tempo de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e tempo de internação hospitalar após à cirurgia e foi calculado o EuroSCORE. Resultados: Os pacientes foram de predominância do sexo masculino 32 (64%) com idade média de 62,8 ± 10,2 anos, tempo de estadia na UTI de 3 dias (2 – 23), tempo de internação pré-operatória de 7 (5 – 61) dias e EuroSCORE 4 (0 – 10) dias. Houve redução do AF, com diferença entre o período pré-operatório e os dois momentos de avaliação no pós-operatório (p<0,001). Quando a dinamometria manual foi avaliada ao longo do tempo foi observada uma redução entre o préoperatório e a pré-alta hospitalar (p<0,001) e recuperação dessa nos três meses após à cirurgia (p<0,001). A VM e o EuroSCORE tiveram correlação inversa com o AF e a dinamometria manual nos três momentos. A correlação do AF no período pré-operatório do EuroScore p=0,007 e o segundo e o terceiro momento p<0,001, e para os três momentos da VM (p<0,001), respectivamente. Já a correlação da dinamometria manual no primeiro e no segundo momento com o EuroSCORE e a VM p <0,001 e no terceiro momento p=0,010 e p=0,018, respectivamente. Conclusões: O AF e a dinamometria manual parecem estar associados ao tempo de VM, tempo de internação na UTI e tempo de internação no pós-operatório em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. / Background and aims: The phase angle (PA), derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), have been interpreted as cell membrane integrity indicator; and the handgrip strength (HGS) have been used as prognostic indicators in some clinical situations. This study aims to evaluate the PA and HGS behavior in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and associate these with clinical outcomes and prognostic. Methods: Cohort prospective study of consecutive recruited patients undergoing cardiac surgery aged ≥18 years. The PA and HGS were measured at three set points: preoperatively, hospital predischarge and three months after surgery. Were also collected: time of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), ischemia, mechanical ventilation (MV), length of stay (LOS) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and LOS after surgery and calculated the EuroSCORE. Results: A decrease in PA was observed between the preoperative and the two postoperative stages (p<0.001). When the HGS was evaluated over time was seen a reduction between preoperative and predischarge (p<0.001) and a recovery in three months after surgery (p<0.001). The MV and EuroSCORE had an inverse association with PA and HGS in three stages. PA correlation in the first stage of the EuroSCORE p=0.007 and the second and third stage p<0.001, and for the three stages of MV (p<0.001), respectively. In HGS correlation in the first and second stage of the EuroSCORE and MV p<0,001 and in the third stage p=0.010 and p=0.018, respectively. Conclusion: PA and HGS appears to be related to MV time, LOS in ICU and LOS after surgery in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Shiratori.pdf: 1539350 bytes, checksum: d9da5ecb1ab584bd57eaef67527df42f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A artrite reumatoide é uma doença inflamatória crônica com características incapacitantes. Os pacientes apresentam fraqueza, fadiga e redução da capacidade funcional. Assim, a mensuração da função torna-se um parâmetro importante na avaliação do paciente. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo investigou as relações entre os parâmetros da curva de força de preensão manual isométrica máxima e as medidas de funcionalidade em mulheres com AR. Participaram do estudo 9 mulheres com diagnóstico médico de AR (GAR) e 10 mulheres sem a doença (GC), com idade de 57,78±10,79 e 56,00±11,42 anos, respectivamente. Os indivíduos foram avaliados quanto à funcionalidade global por meio de um questionário auto relatado (Health Assessment Questionnaire - HAQ) e quanto a funcionalidade de membros superiores por meio de um teste de desempenho (Test d Evaluation de la Performance des Membres Supérieurs dês Personnes Agées - TEMPA). Para a avaliação dos parâmetros da curva força vs tempo de preensão manual foi utilizado um dinamômetro digital (LABIN/UDESC), sendo que os parâmetros analisados foram: Força de preensão máxima (Fmax), tempo para atingir a força de preensão máxima (TFmax), pico da taxa de desenvolvimento da força em intervalos fixos de 100 e 10ms (PTDF-100ms e PTDF-10ms) e taxa de desenvolvimento da força a cada 10ms (In0-10ms, In10-20ms, In20-30ms, In30-40ms, In40-50ms, In50-60ms, In60-70ms, In70-80ms, In80-90ms e In90-100ms). Os indivíduos com AR apresentaram comprometimento da função, tanto global quanto específico de membros superiores. A partir da análise de correlação foi possível verificar que o PTDF-100ms é um bom parâmetro para indicar o comprometimento funcional dos pacientes com AR. Além disso, as demais taxas de desenvolvimento da força, nos diferentes intervalos de tempo, também forneceram valores associativos com a função global e a função de membros superiores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Belmonte.pdf: 890475 bytes, checksum: 810a2babc22b399d796d421834a98d7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: The hand grip is a very usual task in daily life. To grab or hold any object with hands and manipulate it, a minimum force and dexterity are necessary. In elderly people, due to the natural aging process and loss of muscular force, the hand grip biomechanical parameters can be indicators of total body force, independence and quality of life. Objective: to verify if there is any influence of superior members dominance and from regular physical exercise practice on force (Fmáx, %F, Ffinal.) and time (ICM, Delta t) parameters obtained from force vs time curves of continuous hand grip movement. Materials and Methods: 36 individuals: 66,5 ± 4,8 year-old women and 68,8 ± 6,8 year-old men divided in regular exercise practicants and non-practicants participated of the study. Data were collected using a hand grip dynamometer developed at the Instrumentation Laboratory (UDESC) with adjustable handle position in a range 4.5 to 5.5 cm. The protocol was carried out by executing a continuous hand grip movement during 30 s. The beginning and end of each experiment were conducted following the visual commands of the dynamometer software. Each experiment was measured twice in each hand, with 3 minutes interval between them. Individuals were positioned according to Hand Therapy American Society protocol. Results: Regular physical exercise practice has a significant influence on Fmax, Ffinal and Icm parameters at the dominant hand of women. In men, it was observed that physical exercise practice has influence in Ffinal only at the non-dominant hand. Conclusion: In women the practice of physical exercises regularly can influence the variables of strength and time suggesting that exercise reduces the losses arising from the age and men in this study were not verified difference. / Introdução: A preensão manual é uma tarefa muito comum no dia-a-dia. Para agarrar ou segurar qualquer objeto com as mãos e manipulá-lo é necessário um mínimo de força e destreza. Em idosos, em decorrência do processo natural do envelhecimento e da perda da força muscular, parâmetros biomecânicos de preensão manual podem ser empregados como indicadores de força total do corpo, independência e qualidade de vida. Objetivo: verificar se existe influência da dominância de membros superiores e da prática de exercícios físicos regulares nos parâmetros de força (Fmáx, %F, Ffinal.) e tempo (ICM, &#916;t) obtidos de curvas de força vs tempo em movimento de preensão manual contínuo. Materiais e métodos: participaram do estudo 36 sujeitos divididos em praticantes e não-praticantes de exercício físico regular,com média de idade de 66,5 ± 4,8 anos entre as mulheres e de 68,8 ± 6,8 entre os homens. Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizado um dinamômetro de preensão manual digital desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Instrumentação da UDESC, com empunhaduras podendo ser ajustadas entre 4,5 e 5,5 cm. O protocolo consistiu da realização de um movimento de preensão manual contínuo, com duração de 30s. Cada coleta foi efetuada duas vezes com cada mão, com intervalo de no mínimo 3 minutos entre as mesmas. O início e o término da coleta foram conduzidos de acordo com os comandos visuais dados pelo programa de preensão manual. O posicionamento dos sujeitos foi baseado no protocolo da Sociedade Americana de Terapia da mão. Resultados: Nas mulheres foi verificado que a prática de exercício físico regular tem influência estatisticamente significativa nas variáveis Fmáx, Ffinal e Icm na mão dominante e nos homens, na variável Ffinal somente na mão não dominante. Conclusão: Nas mulheres a prática de exercícios físicos regulares pode influenciar nas variáveis de força e tempo sugerindo que o exercício físico diminui as perdas decorrentes da idade e nos homens neste estudo não foi verificado diferença.

Objetivos: Quantificar a ingestão dietética de adultos portadores de hepatopatia crônica correlacionando-a ao estado nutricional, e comparar diferentes métodos de avaliação nutricional nesta população, especialmente métodos de avaliação funcional (dinamometria - FAM - e espessura do músculo adutor do polegar - MAP) e a avaliação global do Royal Free Hospital (RFH-GA). Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados 97 pacientes ambulatoriais do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, com diagnóstico de hepatopatia crônica (41 hepatite crônica – HCr - e 56 cirróticos - CIR) entre abril de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Foi realizada avaliação nutricional através de inquérito alimentar (R24h), antropometria - Índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), avaliação subjetiva global (ASG), FAM, RFH-GA e MAP. Resultados: Pacientes do grupo HCr apresentaram maior ingestão calórica total (p=0,005) e maior ingestão proteica (p<0,0001) que os pacientes CIR. Houve relação entre RFH-GA (p<0,001) e FAM (p<0,05) e ingestão de calorias e proteínas. A prevalência de desnutrição no grupo HCr e no grupo CIR foi, de acordo com RFH-GA (51,2 vs 84% - p=0,002), FAM (61 vs 82,1% - p=0,02), ASG (14,6 vs 32,1% - p=0,048), MAP (7,3vs 14,3% - p=NS), CMB (4,9 vs 14,3% - p=NS) e IMC (2,4 vs 3,6% - p=NS). Houve concordância moderada entre FAM e RFH-GA (k=0,43). Conclusão: Pacientes portadores de hepatopatia crônica, mesmo não cirróticos, têm ingestão energética e proteica inadequadas. Desnutrição é frequente nos dois grupos, especialmente na cirrose. FAM e RFH-GA são os métodos que identificaram maior prevalência de desnutrição nesta população e apresentam concordância entre si. A ingestão insuficiente de calorias e proteinas foi associada ao diagnóstico de DPC pela RFH-GA e FAM. / Background/aims: Objectives: To quantify the dietary intake of adults with chronic liver disease and correlate the nutritional status. Compare different methods of nutritional assessment in this population, in special methods of functional evaluation (hand grip streght – HG and The thickness of the adductor pollices muscle - APM) and the Royal Free Hospital global assessment (RFH-GA). Methods: 97 patients at the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, diagnosed with chronic liver disease (41 chronic hepatitis - CH - and 56 cirrhotic - CIR) between April 2009 and January 2010 was assessed. Nutritional assessment was carried out by dietary recall (24HR), anthropometry (body mass index - BMI - body and arm muscle circumference - AMC), subjective global assessment (SGA), HG, RFH-GA and APM. Results: CH group patients had higher total caloric intake (p = 0.005) and higher protein intake (p <0.0001) than patients CIR. There was a relationship between the RFH-GA (p <0.001) and HG (p <0.001) and intake of calories and proteins. The prevalence of malnutrition in the CH group and the CIR group was by RFH-GA (51.2 vs. 84% - p = 0.002), HG (61 vs 82.1% - p = 0.02), SGA (14.6 vs. 32.1% - p = 0.048), APM (7.3 vs 14.3% - p> 0.05), MAC (4.9 vs 14.3% - p> 0.05) and BMI (2.4 vs. 3.6% - p> 0.05). There was moderate agreement between HG and RFH-GA (k = 0.43). Conclusion: Patients HC and CIR have energy and protein intake inadequate. Malnutrition is common in both groups, especially in the second. RFH-GA and HG are the best methods to identify malnutrition in this population and usually correlate with each other. The insufficient intake of calories and protein contributed to the diagnosis of malnutrition by RFH-GA and HG.

Objetivos: Quantificar a ingestão dietética de adultos portadores de hepatopatia crônica correlacionando-a ao estado nutricional, e comparar diferentes métodos de avaliação nutricional nesta população, especialmente métodos de avaliação funcional (dinamometria - FAM - e espessura do músculo adutor do polegar - MAP) e a avaliação global do Royal Free Hospital (RFH-GA). Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados 97 pacientes ambulatoriais do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, com diagnóstico de hepatopatia crônica (41 hepatite crônica – HCr - e 56 cirróticos - CIR) entre abril de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Foi realizada avaliação nutricional através de inquérito alimentar (R24h), antropometria - Índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), avaliação subjetiva global (ASG), FAM, RFH-GA e MAP. Resultados: Pacientes do grupo HCr apresentaram maior ingestão calórica total (p=0,005) e maior ingestão proteica (p<0,0001) que os pacientes CIR. Houve relação entre RFH-GA (p<0,001) e FAM (p<0,05) e ingestão de calorias e proteínas. A prevalência de desnutrição no grupo HCr e no grupo CIR foi, de acordo com RFH-GA (51,2 vs 84% - p=0,002), FAM (61 vs 82,1% - p=0,02), ASG (14,6 vs 32,1% - p=0,048), MAP (7,3vs 14,3% - p=NS), CMB (4,9 vs 14,3% - p=NS) e IMC (2,4 vs 3,6% - p=NS). Houve concordância moderada entre FAM e RFH-GA (k=0,43). Conclusão: Pacientes portadores de hepatopatia crônica, mesmo não cirróticos, têm ingestão energética e proteica inadequadas. Desnutrição é frequente nos dois grupos, especialmente na cirrose. FAM e RFH-GA são os métodos que identificaram maior prevalência de desnutrição nesta população e apresentam concordância entre si. A ingestão insuficiente de calorias e proteinas foi associada ao diagnóstico de DPC pela RFH-GA e FAM. / Background/aims: Objectives: To quantify the dietary intake of adults with chronic liver disease and correlate the nutritional status. Compare different methods of nutritional assessment in this population, in special methods of functional evaluation (hand grip streght – HG and The thickness of the adductor pollices muscle - APM) and the Royal Free Hospital global assessment (RFH-GA). Methods: 97 patients at the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, diagnosed with chronic liver disease (41 chronic hepatitis - CH - and 56 cirrhotic - CIR) between April 2009 and January 2010 was assessed. Nutritional assessment was carried out by dietary recall (24HR), anthropometry (body mass index - BMI - body and arm muscle circumference - AMC), subjective global assessment (SGA), HG, RFH-GA and APM. Results: CH group patients had higher total caloric intake (p = 0.005) and higher protein intake (p <0.0001) than patients CIR. There was a relationship between the RFH-GA (p <0.001) and HG (p <0.001) and intake of calories and proteins. The prevalence of malnutrition in the CH group and the CIR group was by RFH-GA (51.2 vs. 84% - p = 0.002), HG (61 vs 82.1% - p = 0.02), SGA (14.6 vs. 32.1% - p = 0.048), APM (7.3 vs 14.3% - p> 0.05), MAC (4.9 vs 14.3% - p> 0.05) and BMI (2.4 vs. 3.6% - p> 0.05). There was moderate agreement between HG and RFH-GA (k = 0.43). Conclusion: Patients HC and CIR have energy and protein intake inadequate. Malnutrition is common in both groups, especially in the second. RFH-GA and HG are the best methods to identify malnutrition in this population and usually correlate with each other. The insufficient intake of calories and protein contributed to the diagnosis of malnutrition by RFH-GA and HG.

Background Handgrip strength claims to reflect general strength and correlates with tests of strength, particularly to the lower extremity. Few studies examine correlations between Jamar and the upper body and mainly focus on populations with lower strength. Climbers were assumed to have higher levels of strength. Purpose The purpose was to investigate grip strength, 1RM pull-up and 1RM leg extension in climbers in Uppsala and examine the relationship between grip strength and the 1RM tests to further evaluate grip strength as a measure of general strength. Method The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study testing 25 climbers. Jamar, 3-5RM pull-up and 3-5RM leg extension are done in succession with protocols for standardisation and 1RM is calculated based on Epley's formula. The descriptive measurements are then analyzed and put in correlation.  Results The relationship between 1RM pull-up and grip strength was moderately strong and statistically significant, r = 0.597 (p = 0.002). The relationship between 1RM leg extension and grip strength was moderately strong and statistically significant r = 0.446 (p = 0.026). Conclusion Handgrip strength measured with Jamar in climbers doesn’t deviate from the general population. A moderately strong relationship was found between Jamar and the 1RM tests. Further studies should put Jamar in relation to different tests of muscle strength in populations with varying levels of strength to evaluate Jamar as a measure of general muscle strength. Protocols for standardization of Jamar needs to be further developed. / Bakgrund Handgreppsstyrka hävdas kunna avspegla generell muskelstyrka och har visats korrelera med olika test av maximal styrka, i synnerhet i nedre extremitet. Få studier undersöker samband till den övre extremiteten och fokuserar uteslutande på populationer med låg muskelstyrka. Klättrare antogs initialt ha högre muskelstyrka i samtliga test. Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att hos klättrare i Uppsala undersöka greppstyrkan respektive 1RM pull-ups och 1RM benspark samt att studera respektive samband mellan greppstyrka och 1RM-testen för vidare undersöka handgreppsstyrka mätt med Jamar som ett mått på generell muskelstyrka.  Metod Studien är en deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie som testar 25 klättrare. Jamar, 3-5RM i pull-up samt 3-5RM i benspark testas i succession utifrån standardiseringsprotokoll och 1RM, den maximala vikt som en repetition kan utföras med beräknas sedan utifrån Epleys formel. De olika deskriptiva måtten analyseras samt ställs i korrelation till varandra.  Resultat Sambandet mellan 1RM-pull-up och maximal handgreppsstyrka mätt med Jamar var måttligt starkt och statistiskt signifikant, r=0.597 (p=0.002). Sambandet mellan 1RM benspark och maximal handgreppsstyrka mätt med Jamar var måttligt starkt och statistiskt signifikant r=0.446 (p=0.026). Slutsats Handgreppsstyrka mätt med Jamar hos klättrare avviker inte från den generella populationen. Handgreppstyrkan hade ett måttligt stark samband till både 1RM benspark och 1RM pull-up. Vidare studier krävs som ställer Jamar i relation till olika muskeltester och styrkenivåer för vidare utvärdera mätresultat från Jamar som ett mått på generell muskelstyrka. Standardiseringsprotokoll för Jamar behöver vidareutvecklas.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is the primary accepted method to determine nutrition status in children with cystic fibrosis (CF); however, lean body mass (LBM) is more strongly associated with pulmonary function. Handgrip strength (HGS) measures muscle function and is reflective of LBM. The aims of this study were to assess if there was a relationship among HGS, nutrition status, and pulmonary function, to assess if HGS changed after hospitalization, and to assess if there was a relationship between HGS and nutrient intake. Methods: Twenty-three children with CF ages 6-18 years participated. BMI z-scores, nutrition risk scores, and pulmonary function were assessed about five months before, day 5-7 of, and about six weeks after hospitalization. HGS z-scores and arm anthropometrics were measured during and after hospitalization. Nutrient intakes were assessed during hospitalization. Results: Mean dominant HGS z-score was -1.95 ± 0.92 at hospitalization and -1.59 ± 1.06 at follow-up (p=0.007). Mean BMI z-score was -0.09 ± 0.64 at hospitalization and 0.06 ± 0.54 at follow-up (p=0.178). No significant relationship was found between HGS z-scores and BMI z-scores (p=0.892) or HGS z-scores and pulmonary function (p=0.340). Conclusions: HGS z-scores were lower than the standard even though mean BMI z-scores classified participants as normal nutrition status. Further research should be done utilizing a larger sample size in order to better examine HGS's potential as a nutrition assessment tool in this population.