O trabalho analisa, de forma comparativa, o processo histórico que conduziu à construção do Aterro do Flamengo, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e do Aterro Praia de Belas, na cidade de Porto Alegre, ambos na metade do século XX. Elege como ponto focal da análise o aspecto da concepção e do desenho dos espaços projetados na orla das duas áreas aterradas . A análise avalia, num primeiro momento, as destinações de uso atribuídas a cada um dos aterros, entre 1900 e 1970, através dos paradigmas urbanísticos do final do século XIX e início do século XX. Depois, enfatiza o caráter das propostas urbanísticas na interface com o mar - caso do Aterro do Flamengo - e com o Lago Guaíba - caso do Aterro Praia de Belas. Assim, num segundo momento, o trabalho volta-se para as relações funcionais da estrutura urbana com o contexto da água das duas áreas aterradas, conhecendo o grau de legibilidade e imageabilidade atual da ocupação de ambas as orlas . Ao constatar que o Aterro do Flamengo construiu um novo espaço urban o- um parque urbano à beira-mar com praia - e que o Aterro Praia de Belas não conseguiu transformar-se em um espaço público unitário de convívio com o Guaíba, o estudo busca detectar, na sua faixa de orla, os segmentos de maior centralidade capazes de instaurar relações urbanísticas entre o lago, a área aterrada e a cidade. / This study attempts to analyse in a comparative way the historie processes that led to the construction of the Flamengo Landfill in Rio de Janeiro and the Praia de Belas in Porto Alegre, both dating from the mid-20th century. The selected analysis focal point is space conception and design at shoreline. The study assesses in a fisrt moment proposals for each landfill 1900 and 1970, on the basis of urban paradigms of late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It also looks at the nature of the relationship between landfill and water in both plans. In a second moment, the study turns to urban structure functional relations with water in both landfill areas, trying to identify their occupation legibility and imageability degrees. Taking into account evidences that the Flamengo Landfill was able to build a new urban space, and urban park along the shoreline, and that Praia de Belas was not able to transform itself into an unitarian public space of conviviality with the lake, the study attempts to detect in the Guaíba shoreline the elements of higher centrality apt to generate urban relationships between the lake, the landfill and the city.

O trabalho analisa, de forma comparativa, o processo histórico que conduziu à construção do Aterro do Flamengo, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e do Aterro Praia de Belas, na cidade de Porto Alegre, ambos na metade do século XX. Elege como ponto focal da análise o aspecto da concepção e do desenho dos espaços projetados na orla das duas áreas aterradas . A análise avalia, num primeiro momento, as destinações de uso atribuídas a cada um dos aterros, entre 1900 e 1970, através dos paradigmas urbanísticos do final do século XIX e início do século XX. Depois, enfatiza o caráter das propostas urbanísticas na interface com o mar - caso do Aterro do Flamengo - e com o Lago Guaíba - caso do Aterro Praia de Belas. Assim, num segundo momento, o trabalho volta-se para as relações funcionais da estrutura urbana com o contexto da água das duas áreas aterradas, conhecendo o grau de legibilidade e imageabilidade atual da ocupação de ambas as orlas . Ao constatar que o Aterro do Flamengo construiu um novo espaço urban o- um parque urbano à beira-mar com praia - e que o Aterro Praia de Belas não conseguiu transformar-se em um espaço público unitário de convívio com o Guaíba, o estudo busca detectar, na sua faixa de orla, os segmentos de maior centralidade capazes de instaurar relações urbanísticas entre o lago, a área aterrada e a cidade. / This study attempts to analyse in a comparative way the historie processes that led to the construction of the Flamengo Landfill in Rio de Janeiro and the Praia de Belas in Porto Alegre, both dating from the mid-20th century. The selected analysis focal point is space conception and design at shoreline. The study assesses in a fisrt moment proposals for each landfill 1900 and 1970, on the basis of urban paradigms of late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It also looks at the nature of the relationship between landfill and water in both plans. In a second moment, the study turns to urban structure functional relations with water in both landfill areas, trying to identify their occupation legibility and imageability degrees. Taking into account evidences that the Flamengo Landfill was able to build a new urban space, and urban park along the shoreline, and that Praia de Belas was not able to transform itself into an unitarian public space of conviviality with the lake, the study attempts to detect in the Guaíba shoreline the elements of higher centrality apt to generate urban relationships between the lake, the landfill and the city.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to bring information about Polish famous composers after Chopin. The work contains an overview of life, work, and describes individual examples of piano and composer work. We look at the styles and character of Polish pianists together in selected parts of the compositions

During the 1990s, over a period of just a few years, the multi-colored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) invaded the entire area of northern Europe. In parallel with this invasion, a decline in native coccinellid species was recorded in Belgium, Britain, and Switzerland, affecting mainly one common species: the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata L. An impressive trait of H. axyridis, that could explain both its high invasiveness and the decline of native coccinellids, is its predation behaviour. Intraguild predation is a trophic interaction between species that share the same prey – in this case, aphids. In order to determine the precise impact of this predation on the native coccinellid species, the predation behaviour of H. axyridis larvae was observed in Petri dishes and on plants. The resistance of H. axyridis to predation was also studied by exposing it without dorsal spines to native predator larvae, in order to test whether or not the dorsal spines are a physical defence against intraguild predation. In addition to these laboratory experiments, an original method was developed and used to track predation under field conditions. This method is based on the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection of exogenous alkaloids in H. axyridis, especially alkaloids from native coccinellids likely to be subject to intraguild predation. My results show that, in the absence of aphids, H. axyridis consumes both A. bipunctata eggs and all larval instars in Petri dishes. On plants, depending to aphid density, this interaction can change with regards to larvae but not eggs. In addition to intraguild predation, competitive exclusion can occur because of quite aggressive behaviour towards competitors. Dorsal spines significantly reduce the number of bites inflicted, and thereby complement the other defense mechanisms of H. axyridis that enable it to remain dominant in competition for food resources. In semi-natural conditions, predation on the native coccinellids Adalia spp. Calvia spp. Coccinella septempunctata L. and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) was detected. The number of sites where this predation was observed suggests that this interaction is frequent. It was also observed that an H. axyridis larva can ingest several native coccinellid species, confirming its status as a predator of coccinellids. We can therefore conclude that intraguild predation by H. axyridis leads, as does resource competition, to a decline in native coccinellids./Introduite pour la lutte biologique dans les années 90, la Coccinelle asiatique, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), a envahi en quelques années toute l’Europe du Nord. Parallèlement à cette invasion, un déclin de plusieurs espèces de coccinelles indigènes dont la très commune Coccinelle à deux points, Adalia bipunctata L. a été observé dans différents biotopes en Belgique, en Angleterre ainsi qu’en Suisse. Un des traits remarquables de la Coccinelle asiatique est son comportement de prédateur intraguilde qui pourrait expliquer à la fois ce déclin mais aussi en partie son caractère hautement invasif. La prédation intraguilde est une interaction trophique entre des espèces qui se nourrissent d’une même proie, dans ce cas-ci les pucerons. Afin de mieux connaître l’impact de cette prédation sur les coccinelles indigènes, le comportement de prédation des larves d’H. axyridis a été décrit en boîtes de Petri et sur plantes. Sa résistance à la prédation a également été étudiée en exposant des larves dépourvues d’épines dorsales à un prédateur indigène, dans le but de tester le rôle de ces épines en tant que défense physique à l’égard d’un prédateur intraguilde. En plus de ces expériences de laboratoire, une méthode originale a été développée et utilisée pour suivre cette prédation en conditions semi-naturelles. Elle se base sur la détection, en GC-MS, des alcaloïdes exogènes chez H. axyridis et en particulier des alcaloïdes produits par d'autres espèces de coccinelles susceptibles de subir une prédation intraguilde. Mes résultats montrent qu'en l'absence de pucerons, H. axyridis a un comportement de prédation vis-à-vis des œufs et de tous les stades larvaires d’A. bipunctata. La présence de pucerons, suivant leur densité, peut modifier cette interaction à l’égard des larves indigènes mais pas des œufs. En plus de la prédation intraguilde, une compétition par exclusion peut être aussi suspectée et expliquée par le comportement très agressif d’H. axyridis à l’égard de ses concurrents. Quant aux épines dorsales, elles permettent de réduire significativement le nombre de morsures et complètent ainsi les autres lignes de défense utilisées par H. axyridis pour s’imposer dans des ressources déjà exploitées par d’autres prédateurs. En conditions semi-naturelles, cette prédation à l’égard des coccinelles indigènes a été confirmée vis-à-vis d’Adalia spp. Calvia spp. Coccinella septempunctata L. et Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.). Vu le nombre de sites où cette prédation a été détectée, elle peut être considérée comme une interaction fréquente. De plus, une même larve de coccinelle asiatique peut ingérer plusieurs espèces de coccinelles indigènes confirmant indéniablement son statut de prédateur de coccinelles. Ainsi, nous pouvons conclure que la prédation intraguilde par H. axyridis sur les coccinelles indigènes participe très certainement au déclin de celles-ci et ceci très probablement au même titre que des phénomènes de compétition pour les ressources. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished