Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Abstract Background: There is insufficient research about the health information seeking, access, and usage among immigrants to the United States, who, face health disparities associated with their immigrant status. Health-information seeking behaviors and attitudes, unique to immigrants, need to be considered as one set of factors contributing to health disparities. Objective: This thesis focused on identifying differences in information seeking behaviors and attitudes between natal and immigrant US residents and the subset who had either themselves had been diagnosed with cancer or who had a family member diagnosed with cancer. Methods/Analyses: Nationally representative Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) data (HINTS4Cycle 3), collected from a sample of respondents (N=3185) by mail between September and December 2013, was used for these analyses. Sample weights were applied during SAS data analysis to account for the complex survey design. Analyses assessed the frequencies of health information seeking behaviors and attitudes of natal versus immigrant US residents. Results: Both natal and immigrant US residents indicated that the Internet was the most popular choice for seeking health or medical information (69.9% and 69.8%, respectively), with the next highest being doctor, healthcare provider, or cancer organization combined (14.3% and 17.1%, respectively). These differences in use of information sources were not significant. Both natal and immigrant US residents “strongly agreed” or “agreed” that they were frustrated (68.1% and 65.8%, respectively) and were concerned about the quality of the information (52.9% and 54.8%, respectively) during the last time they searched for health information. Again, these differences in attitudes toward information were not significant. On the other hand, compared to natal US residents, immigrant US residents were more likely to state that their most recent search took a lot of effort (35.2% and 46.1%, respectively, p=.01). There were also moderate and significant differences between natal and immigrant respondents’ trust toward information from government health agencies (69.3% and 81.3%, respectively, p About one-third (30.2%) of immigrant US residents reported that they spoke English “not well” or “not well at all.” Among the immigrant US residents, the Internet was the source most commonly chosen by both groups (Speak English “very well,” or “well” and speak English “not well” or “not at all”) as the source they went to first during their most recent search for health or medical information (78.1% and 45.8%, respectively, p Conclusions: There are important differences between Internet-related health information seeking behaviors and attitudes of natal US residents and immigrant US residents.

Health communications providers strive to increase the health literacy of patients and care takers. Basic health literacy is a measure of a person’s ability to understand and act according to appropriate health information. The rise in the number of people attaining basic health literacy increases the amount of positive health behavior in the aggregate. Therefore, health communication providers can create a direct impact on tangible health results in a given population. The introduction of new technology has led to new ways of distributing health information, specifically through online media. Along with a new method of communication comes a need for a new way of evaluating it. As new media emerge and proliferate in the marketplace, different populations’ levels of health literacy become shaped in previously unpredictable ways. Current research suggests that significant differences in wealth and pervasive cultural features account for why distinct populations respond to these developments differently. Thus, the task of determining health communications’ success overall just got harder. It is now necessary to reassess health communications providers’ efficiency and effectiveness with regard to particular minority populations such as Hispanic/Latino adults. Throughout this paper, I refer to the Hispanic/Latino population’s unique characteristics as a case study for the derivation and application of universal health communication values. Thus, the purpose of this report is, based on current findings, to expose the primary values that describe and prescribe the efficacy of online health communication geared towards minorities such as Hispanic/Latino adults residing in the United States. This report concludes that the effectiveness of health information online is a function of three elements: access, quality, and communication strategy. Access represents the extent to which the intended user can search online for the sought-after health information, employ techniques to locate the intended information, and benefit from the search and comprehend the content. The quality prong of the health related Web content represents the useful indicia of accuracy and completeness of the information provided. The first two factors are a sine qua non for a robust health communication campaign. The communication strategy determines the audience reach and the relevance of the health message; both of which ultimately are the driving force for achieving lasting health behavior modification. Health information providers must periodically assess their services along the model’s benchmarks in order to achieve the highest possible levels of health literacy in their target populations and overall. Providers may engage in self-evaluation in order to gauge their own effectiveness, make improvements wherever necessary, and thereby ensure continued conformity to the aforementioned values. If/when these market players are unable or unwilling to adhere to this rubric, the public sphere may need to enforce it as a last resort. This paper does not investigate the merits of either public or private systems of governance; no matter how compliance is achieved, the modern promotion of optimal health literacy in minority communities (and hence, overall) requires that all three elements comprise a new, uniform model for online health communication initiatives. / text

Consumer behavior has long suggested the importance of prior knowledge in understanding behavior. In spite of the vast amount of research in this area, there is a vacuum regarding to what extent an individual applies his/her knowledge in decision-making situations (a concept from economic psychology). An individual may have the knowledge but might not use it or apply it when making decisions. This is of great importance, especially within a health context where decisions may result in life or death situations. In addition, operationalizations of dimensions of prior knowledge within the consumer behavior field have been inconsistent. To eliminate these gaps in prior research and extend the consumer behavior literature this dissertation draws upon the consumer behavior and economic-psychology literatures to investigate the impact of six dimensions of prior knowledge on health information-seeking and disease prevention behaviors. The case of HPV is used here to examine the theoretical relationships. This dissertation is also of particular interest to better understanding direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising. DTC advertising usually provides information to consumers through the listing of sources consumers can go to, other than providing disease prevention information within the message itself. Hence, examining how prior knowledge impacts information-seeking and prevention behaviors can help guide the development of more effective DTC messages. Results show that information-seeking intentions are predicted by how much consumers think they know and how much of their knowledge they apply in decision-making situations. Also, consumers who have high confidence in using their knowledge are more likely to use external (as opposed to internal) sources of information. In addition, prevention behaviors are predicted by how much consumers know about the disease, how much they think they know and their experience with the disease. This investigation helps guide the development of future DTC campaigns, in terms of motivating consumers to seek additional information, and take the recommended preventative actions; based on consumers’ prior knowledge set. In conclusion, this dissertation extends the literature on the role of prior knowledge in consumer decision-making on multiple levels and provides interesting findings for future research. / text

Bakgrund: Distriktssköterskors arbete har förändrats över tid. Patienter är idag ofta välinformerade om sin hälsa och medvetna om att de kan påverka sin hälsa. I dagens samhälle är internet en vanlig källa till hälsoinformation, som har blivit allt mer tillgänglig. Det är viktigt att patienten känner delaktighet i sin egen vård.  Vårdgivaren har ett ansvar att leda patienten till tillförlitliga informationskällor. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av att patienter söker hälsoinformation på internet och hur det påverkar deras arbete. Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts. Åtta intervjuer har genomförts med distriktssköterskor. Resultat: Ur analysen av datamaterialet framträdde tre huvudteman som benämns; Vikten av att veta och förstå, Mötets betydelse för patienter, Distriktssköterskors erfarenhet och ny kunskap. Till dessa teman finns nio olika underteman. Konklusion: Resultatet av denna studie kan bidra till en ökad medvetenhet om att patienter söker hälsoinformation på internet och hur det påverkar distriktssköterskors arbete. Distriktssköterskor får förhålla sig till patienters kunskap som kan se mycket olika ut. Patienters kunskap ställer krav på distriktssköterskorna som får anpassa besöket och vården utifrån denna kunskap samt vägleda patienter rätt. / Background: District nurses work has changed over time. Today patients are more informed of their health and aware of how to influence their health. In today's society, the internet is a regular source for health information, and internet has become increasingly accessible. It is important that patients feel involved in their own care. Health care providers has a responsibility to lead the patient to reliable sources of information. Aim: The aim of this study was to shed light on district nurses' experiences of patients seeking health information on the internet and how it affects their work. Method: A qualitative approach was used. Eight interviews with district nurses were conducted. Results: From the analysis of the data, three main themes emerged which were termed; The importance of knowing and understanding, The meaning of the meeting for patients, District nurses experience and new knowledge. These themes are described by nine different sub-themes. Conclusion: The results of this study may contribute to awareness that patients seek health information on internet and that it may affect district nurses work. District nurses need to relate to patient's knowledge that varies. Patients´ knowledge demands district nurses to adapt the care and the patients visit based on their knowledge and to guide patients’ right.

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China is moving towards a market economy. The greater use of market forces has made China richer, accelerated modernisation and increased productive efficiency but has created new problems, including, in the health sector, problems of inequity and allocative inefficiency. From 1997, the Chinese government committed to a national policy of regional health planning (RHP), as part of a broader commitment to harmonising social and economic development. However, RHP has been slow to impact on the equity and efficiency problems in health care. Planning requires information; better health decision-making requires better health information. Information systems constitute a resource that is vital for the health planning and the management of the health system. Properly developed, managed and used, health information systems are a highly cost-effective resource for the nation and its regions. Bureaucratic resistance, one of critical reasons is that regional health planners gained insufficient support from information system. Health information needs to adopt into the new way of government health management. The objective of the study is to contribute to the development of China�s health information system (HIS) over the next 5-10 years, in particular to suggest how provincial health information systems could be made more useful as a basis for RHP. The existing HIS is examined in relation to its support for and relevance to RHP, including policy framework, institutional structures and resources, networks and relationships, data collection, analysis, quality and accessibility of information as well as the use of information in support of health planning. Data sources include key informant interviews, a questionnaire survey and various policy documents. Qualitative (questionnaire survey on provincial HIS) and quantitative (key informant interviews) approaches are used in this study. Document analysis is also conducted. The research examines information for planning within the macro and historical context of health planning in China, in particular having regard to the impacts and implications of the transition to a market economy. It is evident that the implementation of RHP has been retarded by poor performance of information system, particularly at the provincial level. However, the implementation of RHP has also been complicated by fragmented administrative hierarchies, weak implementation mechanisms and contradictions between different policies, for example, between improved planning and the encouragement of market forces in health care. To support RHP which is needs based, has a focus on improving allocative efficiency and is adapted to the new market development will require new information products and supports including infrastructure reform and capacity development. Provincial HIS needs to move from being data generators and transmitters to becoming information producers and providers. Health planning has moved to greater use of population-based benchmark and demand-side control. Therefore, information products should be widened from supply side data collection (in particular assets and resources) to include demand-side collection and analysis (including utilisation patterns and community surveys of opinion and experience). The interaction between users (the planners) and producers (the HIS) should be strengthened and regional networks of information producers and planners should be established.

Magister Commercii - MCom (IM) (Information Management) / In an ideal public health arena, scientific evidence should be incorporated in the health information practices of making management decisions, developing policies, and implementing programs. However, much effort has been spent in developing health information practices focusing mainly on data collection, data quality and processing, with relatively little development on the utilization side of the information spectrum. Although the South Africa Health National Indicator Dataset of 2013 routinely collects and reports on more than two hundred elements, the degree to which this information is being used is not empirically known. The overall aim of the study was to explore the dynamics of routine primary healthcare information utilization in the West Coast district while identifying specific interventions that could ultimately lead to the improved use of data to better inform decision making. The ultimate goal being to enable managers to better utilize their routine health information for effective decision making.