The second used a pre-heated flat plate in a transient wind tunnel to determine heat transfer rates with freestream turbulence generated by a number of parallel bar grids. Both liquid crystals and thin film gauges were used for heat-flux studies. A correlation has been derived that defines the heat transfer enhancement in terms of turbulence intensity and integral scale, as well as extending the conclusions of previous workers to apply at high intensities and with severe anisotropy.

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M.Ing. / There are different types of heat transfer enhancement techniques that can be used, but some of these techniques are expensive and cannot be afforded by small manufacturing firms. An easy and affordable technique considered in this paper has an angled spiralling tape inserted into the annulus of a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. The purpose of this paper was to determine the single phase heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in the annulus. Experimental measurements were taken on four set-ups; a normal tube-in-tube heat exchanger used as a reference and three heat exchangers with different angled spiralling tape inserts. From the results correlations were developed that can be used to predict the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. It was concluded that the angled spiralling tape inserts resulted in an increase in the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics as can be expected.

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M.Ing / The geometric shape of a passage's cross-section has an effect on its convective heat transfer capabilities. For concentric annuli, as cross section, the diameter ratio of the annular space plays an important role. The purpose of this investigation was to find a . correlation that will accurately predict heat transfer coefficients at the inner wall of smooth concentric annuli for the flow of water. Experiments were conducted on water under turbulent flow conditions for a wide range of diameter ratios. The Wilson plot method was used to determine the heat transfer coefficients from which a correlation was developed that could be used to predict the heat transfer coefficients. It was found that the correlation predicted Nusselt numbers accurately within 3% of measured values for diameter ratios between a = 1.7 and a = 5.1 and a Reynolds numbers range of 4 000 to 30 000.

M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering) / Shell and tube heat exchangers are commonly used in industrial processes. In the heat exchangers the tubes incur flow induced vibrations. These vibrations lead to fretting on the perimeter of the tube at the baffle plates and to fatigue failure at the tube sheets. Various studies were and are done to qualify and quantify these vibrations. This is then used to develop design criteria and methods for lowering the vibration amplitudes of the tubes. In the thesis the response of a tube bundle in cross flow is shown. The effect of increasing cross flow velocity on the vibration amplitude of the tubes is determined in a low speed wind tunnel. The results show similarity to the work done by Gorman [27]. By raising the natural frequency of the tubes in the first row upstream it is shown that the vibration peaks exhibited by the unmodified model.at cross flow velocities lower than the critical flow speed do not materialize in the modified tube bundle. This modification can be implemented by decreasing the unsupported length of the tubes in the first row. The inclusion of fluid damping when calculating the total damping of the tubes according to Blevins [24] is shown in the experiment. From experimental results it is shown that the prediction of the critical velocity according to Blevins [24] results in a better prediction of this velocity. Numerical solutions of two dimensional flow over a single cylinder and a pair of cylinders are obtained by simulating the flow on the STAR CD flow simulation package. The effect of neighbouring tubes on one another is determined by qualifying and quantifying the flow over and the forces on the tubes. The vortex shedding frequency determined from the simulation coincides with experimental results. This shows great potential in future simulation of flow over a tube bundle. A computerised design model is also developed. Themodel determines the vibration potential of the tube bundle in a shell and tube heat exchanger. If needed, modifications to new designs and built heat exchangers can be done and the vibration potential is easily determined with the model. The results of the experimental work are used to further develop the design criteria preventing detrimental vibrations in heat exchangers. Promising results to decrease vibration amplitudes of tubes in tube bundles are obtained in the experiments done. This and the results obtained in the simulation of the vortex shedding frequencies that coincide with the results in the experimental work, show great potential for flow simulation and development of methods to decrease flow induced vibrations of tubes in shell and tube heat exchangers.