O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico sobre o desempenho de trocadores de calor com microcanais. Primeiramente, para a verificação da ferramenta numérica, uma comparação com um estudo experimental conhecido é realizado. Em seguida, aperfeiçoamentos disponíveis na literatura são testados e comparados. As simulações numéricas são realizadas com o software Fluent utilizando o Método dos Volumes Finitos (MVF). O resultado numérico da resistência térmica do dissipador do estudo experimental em que a primeira parte desse trabalho foi baseada ficou em 0,097 °C/W (com uma temperatura máxima de 373 K), enquanto o resultado experimental ficou em 0,090 °C/W, o que representa uma diferença de 7,2 %. São realizados aperfeiçoamentos integrando o trocador de calor a um sistema de refrigeração. Isso reduz a temperatura de entrada e, consequentemente, a temperatura máxima encontrada no sistema (350 K para uma mesma potência dissipada) não havendo mudança na resistência térmica, porém trazendo um ganho em confiabilidade. São apresentadas mudanças na geometria do dissipador diminuindo a área de entrada, com uma sensível piora nos resultados da resistência térmica, fazendo com que a resistência aumentasse de 0,097 °C/W para o canal original para 0,272 °C/W para o canal com menor altura. Apresenta-se um trocador de calor cujos microcanais em suas dimensões longitudinais possuem ondulações, porém os efeitos esperados de melhor mistura e maior área de contato para o fluxo de calor não foram observados para as condições de contorno do experimento original; a resistência térmica calculada foi de 0,102 °C/W. A última análise apresenta uma idealização onde o fluxo de calor é distribuído uniformemente no volume de silício, encontrando-se uma resistência térmica de 0,084 °C/W. / This paper presents a numerical study on the performance of heatsinks with microchannels. For the validation of the numerical tool, a comparison with a known experimental study is carried out, then improvements available in the literature on the subject are tested and compared. The numerical simulations are performed with the Fluent software using the Finite Volumes Method (MVF). The numerical result of the thermal resistance of the heatsink from the experimental study which the first part of this paper is based was 0.097 °C/W, whereas the experimental result was 0.090 °C/W (with a maximum temperature of 373 K), representing a difference of 7.2%. An improvement is performed by integrating the heatsink to a HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system, which lowers the inlet temperature and consequently lowers the highest temperature found in the system (350 K for the same dissipated power) without changing the thermal resistance, but providing gains in reliability. Changes in the heatsink geometry are presented by decreasing the inlet area, with a significant worsening in the thermal resistance results, causing the resistance to vary from 0.097 °C/W for the original channel to 0.272 °C/W for the channel that has the lowest height. A heatsink whose microchannels have waves in their longitudinal dimensions is shown, but the expected effects of better mixing and greater contact area for the heat flux were not observed for the boundary conditions of the original experiment, the calculated thermal resistance was of 0.102 °C/W. The last analysis presents an idealization where the heat flux is evenly distributed in the silicon volume, with a thermal resistance of 0.084 °C/W.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico sobre o desempenho de trocadores de calor com microcanais. Primeiramente, para a verificação da ferramenta numérica, uma comparação com um estudo experimental conhecido é realizado. Em seguida, aperfeiçoamentos disponíveis na literatura são testados e comparados. As simulações numéricas são realizadas com o software Fluent utilizando o Método dos Volumes Finitos (MVF). O resultado numérico da resistência térmica do dissipador do estudo experimental em que a primeira parte desse trabalho foi baseada ficou em 0,097 °C/W (com uma temperatura máxima de 373 K), enquanto o resultado experimental ficou em 0,090 °C/W, o que representa uma diferença de 7,2 %. São realizados aperfeiçoamentos integrando o trocador de calor a um sistema de refrigeração. Isso reduz a temperatura de entrada e, consequentemente, a temperatura máxima encontrada no sistema (350 K para uma mesma potência dissipada) não havendo mudança na resistência térmica, porém trazendo um ganho em confiabilidade. São apresentadas mudanças na geometria do dissipador diminuindo a área de entrada, com uma sensível piora nos resultados da resistência térmica, fazendo com que a resistência aumentasse de 0,097 °C/W para o canal original para 0,272 °C/W para o canal com menor altura. Apresenta-se um trocador de calor cujos microcanais em suas dimensões longitudinais possuem ondulações, porém os efeitos esperados de melhor mistura e maior área de contato para o fluxo de calor não foram observados para as condições de contorno do experimento original; a resistência térmica calculada foi de 0,102 °C/W. A última análise apresenta uma idealização onde o fluxo de calor é distribuído uniformemente no volume de silício, encontrando-se uma resistência térmica de 0,084 °C/W. / This paper presents a numerical study on the performance of heatsinks with microchannels. For the validation of the numerical tool, a comparison with a known experimental study is carried out, then improvements available in the literature on the subject are tested and compared. The numerical simulations are performed with the Fluent software using the Finite Volumes Method (MVF). The numerical result of the thermal resistance of the heatsink from the experimental study which the first part of this paper is based was 0.097 °C/W, whereas the experimental result was 0.090 °C/W (with a maximum temperature of 373 K), representing a difference of 7.2%. An improvement is performed by integrating the heatsink to a HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system, which lowers the inlet temperature and consequently lowers the highest temperature found in the system (350 K for the same dissipated power) without changing the thermal resistance, but providing gains in reliability. Changes in the heatsink geometry are presented by decreasing the inlet area, with a significant worsening in the thermal resistance results, causing the resistance to vary from 0.097 °C/W for the original channel to 0.272 °C/W for the channel that has the lowest height. A heatsink whose microchannels have waves in their longitudinal dimensions is shown, but the expected effects of better mixing and greater contact area for the heat flux were not observed for the boundary conditions of the original experiment, the calculated thermal resistance was of 0.102 °C/W. The last analysis presents an idealization where the heat flux is evenly distributed in the silicon volume, with a thermal resistance of 0.084 °C/W.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico sobre o desempenho de trocadores de calor com microcanais. Primeiramente, para a verificação da ferramenta numérica, uma comparação com um estudo experimental conhecido é realizado. Em seguida, aperfeiçoamentos disponíveis na literatura são testados e comparados. As simulações numéricas são realizadas com o software Fluent utilizando o Método dos Volumes Finitos (MVF). O resultado numérico da resistência térmica do dissipador do estudo experimental em que a primeira parte desse trabalho foi baseada ficou em 0,097 °C/W (com uma temperatura máxima de 373 K), enquanto o resultado experimental ficou em 0,090 °C/W, o que representa uma diferença de 7,2 %. São realizados aperfeiçoamentos integrando o trocador de calor a um sistema de refrigeração. Isso reduz a temperatura de entrada e, consequentemente, a temperatura máxima encontrada no sistema (350 K para uma mesma potência dissipada) não havendo mudança na resistência térmica, porém trazendo um ganho em confiabilidade. São apresentadas mudanças na geometria do dissipador diminuindo a área de entrada, com uma sensível piora nos resultados da resistência térmica, fazendo com que a resistência aumentasse de 0,097 °C/W para o canal original para 0,272 °C/W para o canal com menor altura. Apresenta-se um trocador de calor cujos microcanais em suas dimensões longitudinais possuem ondulações, porém os efeitos esperados de melhor mistura e maior área de contato para o fluxo de calor não foram observados para as condições de contorno do experimento original; a resistência térmica calculada foi de 0,102 °C/W. A última análise apresenta uma idealização onde o fluxo de calor é distribuído uniformemente no volume de silício, encontrando-se uma resistência térmica de 0,084 °C/W. / This paper presents a numerical study on the performance of heatsinks with microchannels. For the validation of the numerical tool, a comparison with a known experimental study is carried out, then improvements available in the literature on the subject are tested and compared. The numerical simulations are performed with the Fluent software using the Finite Volumes Method (MVF). The numerical result of the thermal resistance of the heatsink from the experimental study which the first part of this paper is based was 0.097 °C/W, whereas the experimental result was 0.090 °C/W (with a maximum temperature of 373 K), representing a difference of 7.2%. An improvement is performed by integrating the heatsink to a HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system, which lowers the inlet temperature and consequently lowers the highest temperature found in the system (350 K for the same dissipated power) without changing the thermal resistance, but providing gains in reliability. Changes in the heatsink geometry are presented by decreasing the inlet area, with a significant worsening in the thermal resistance results, causing the resistance to vary from 0.097 °C/W for the original channel to 0.272 °C/W for the channel that has the lowest height. A heatsink whose microchannels have waves in their longitudinal dimensions is shown, but the expected effects of better mixing and greater contact area for the heat flux were not observed for the boundary conditions of the original experiment, the calculated thermal resistance was of 0.102 °C/W. The last analysis presents an idealization where the heat flux is evenly distributed in the silicon volume, with a thermal resistance of 0.084 °C/W.

En la actualidad, existen muchas estructuras de gran importancia y funcionalidad (hospitales, colegios, entre otros) que albergan un gran número de personas y de las que se espera que ante un evento sísmico severo se mantengan operativas, sin embargo, muchas de estas edificaciones esenciales han sido construidas con códigos sísmicos antiguos, los cuales podrían no tener los requerimientos actuales de resistencia y rigidez. Por lo que podrían fallar o tener un comportamiento deficiente ante sismos moderados y/o severos. Entonces, es así como la investigación aborda como caso de estudio uno de los bloques del Hospital Luis Negreiros, en el que se desarrolla un análisis sísmico y se propone su reforzamiento con dispositivos de protección sísmica, en especial disipadores de fluido viscoso, los cuales absorben la energía de entrada del sismo y aumentan el amortiguamiento de la estructura, lo que permite lograr un buen comportamiento durante la acción de sismos leves o moderados. La investigación consta de 6 capítulos, en el primer capítulo se explica los antecedentes de la investigación, hipótesis y objetivos, en el segundo capítulo se desarrolla el marco teórico de la investigación, una compilación del estado del arte relacionado a protección sísmica, el tercer capítulo explica el modelo matemático de los dispositivos así como las configuraciones existentes, en el cuarto capítulo se desarrolla la metodología de la investigación, en el quinto capítulo se analiza el caso de estudio y se plantea una propuesta de reforzamiento. En el sexto y sétimo capítulo se desarrollan las conclusiones y recomendaciones, respectivamente. / Currently, there are many structures of great importance and functionality (hospitals, schools, among others) that are home to a large number of people and which are expected to remain operational before a severe seismic event; however, many of these essential buildings have been built with old seismic codes, which may not have the current requirements for strength and rigidity. So they could fail or have a deficient behavior against moderate and / or severe earthquakes. Thus, this is how the research deals with one of the blocks of the Luis Negreiros Hospital as a case study, in which a seismic analysis is developed and its reinforcement is proposed with seismic protection devices, especially viscous fluid dissipaters, which absorbs the input energy of the earthquake and increase the damping of the structure, which allows to achieve good behavior during the action of mild or moderate earthquakes. The research consists of 6 chapters, in the first chapter the background of the research, hypotheses and objectives is explained, in the second chapter the theoretical framework of the research is developed, a compilation of the state of the art related to seismic protection, the third chapter explains the mathematical model of the devices as well as the existing configurations, in the fourth chapter the research methodology is developed, in the fifth chapter the case study is analyzed and a reinforcement proposal is proposed. In the sixth and seventh chapter the conclusions and recommendations are developed, respectively. / Tesis

The efficacy, reliability and versatility of the light emitting diode (LED) can outcompete most established light source technologies. However, they are particularly sensitive to high temperatures, which compromises their efficacy and reliability, undermining some of the technology s key benefits. Consequently, effective thermal management is essential to exploit the technology to its full potential. Thermal management is a well-established subject but its application in the relatively new LED lighting industry, with its specific constraints, is currently poorly defined. The question this thesis aims to answer is how can LED thermal management be achieved most effectively? This thesis starts with a review of the current state of the art, relevant thermal management technologies and market trends. This establishes current and future thermal management constraints in a commercial context. Methods to test and evaluate the thermal management performance of a luminaire system follow. The defined test methods, simulation benchmarks and operational constraints provide the foundation to develop effective thermal management strategies. Finally this work explores how the findings can be implemented in the development and comparison of multiple thermal management designs. These are optimised to assess the potential performance enhancement available when applied to a typical commercial system. The outcomes of this research showed that thermal management of LEDs can be expected to remain a key requirement but there are hints it is becoming less critical. The impacts of some common operating environments were studied, but appeared to have no significant effect on the thermal behaviour of a typical system. There are some active thermal management devices that warrant further attention, but passive systems are inherently well suited to LED luminaires and are readily adopted so were selected as the focus of this research. Using the techniques discussed in this thesis the performance of a commercially available component was evaluated. By optimising its geometry, a 5 % decrease in absolute thermal resistance or a 20 % increase in average heat transfer coefficient and 10 % reduction in heatsink mass can potentially be achieved . While greater lifecycle energy consumption savings were offered by minimising heatsink thermal resistance the most effective design was considered to be one optimised for maximum average heat transfer coefficient. Some more radical concepts were also considered. While these demonstrate the feasibility of passively manipulating fluid flow they had a detrimental impact on performance. Further analysis would be needed to conclusively dismiss these concepts but this work indicates there is very little potential in pursuing them further.

La investigación realizada se enfoca en la evaluación del pabellón B del Hospital Luis Negreiros Vega con planos modificados aplicando disipadores de fluido viscoso en la disposición chevron diagonal y horizontal. En el modelo numérico se aplicaron disipadores lineales y no lineales de acuerdo con las expresiones del FEMA, 356, con el fin de realizar una comparación de la disposición y valor de exponente de velocidad óptimo para una deriva objetivo y amortiguamiento efectivo planteado para cada dirección. Los resultados con los cuales se evaluó esta efectividad, son mejores reducciones de distorsiones, menores fuerzas de disipación, y reducción de la irregularidad torsional que presentaba la estructura inicialmente en la dirección Y. Finalmente, entre los resultados que presenta esta investigación, son que los disipadores chevron horizontales no lineales son los más recomendables, debido a que requieren menores valores de coeficiente de amortiguamiento, reducen distorsiones en mayor medida que los otros modelos, presentan menores valores de fuerzas de disipación y reducen la irregularidad torsional en los pisos inferiores. / The research carried out focuses on the evaluation of pavilion B of the Luis Negreiros Vega Hospital with modified planes applying viscous fluid dissipators in the diagonal and horizontal chevron arrangement. In the numerical model, linear and non-linear dissipators were applied according to the FEMA expressions, 356, in order to make a comparison of the arrangement and value of the optimum speed exponent for a target drift and effective damping proposed for each direction. The results with which this effectiveness was evaluated are better reductions of distortions, lower dissipation forces, and reduction of torsional irregularity that the structure initially presented in the Y direction. Finally, among the results presented by this research, are that the Non-linear horizontal chevron heatsinks are the most recommended, because they require lower values of damping coefficient, reduce distortions to a greater extent than other models, present lower values of dissipation forces and reduce torsional irregularity in the lower floors. / Trabajo de investigación