Foram medidas distribuições angulares e funções de excitação do espalhamento de íons de ANTPOT. 16 O e ANTPOT. 18 O por ANTPOT. 92 Zr a energias Incidentes em torno da barreira Coulombiana, visando estudar a interferência nuclear-Coulombiana na excitação inelástica dos estados 2+ (0.934 MeV), 2 IND. 2+ (1.847 MeV) e 3- (2.340 MeV) do ANTPOT. 92 Zr, bem como na excitação do estado 2+ (1.962 MeV) do ANTPOT. 16 O, Além do espalhamento elástico e dos inelásticos, foram também observadas as reações (ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 15 N) e ( ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 17 O), com Intensidades comparáveis as das transições inelásticas. Foram obtidas distribuições angulares e funções de excitação também para estas reações. Os resultados experimentais foram analisados com cálculos utilizando a aproximação de Born com ondas distorcidas (DWBA) e com o formalismo de canais acoplados. A análise das distribuições angulares mostra que o padrão da interferência nuclear-Coulombiana na excitação do estado 2+ do ANTPOT. 92 zr, tanto por ANTPOT. 16 O como por ANTPOT. 18 O, somente pôde ser reproduzida introduzindo um forte termo de reorientação nuclear, e ao mesmo tempo uma intensidade de transição nuclear multo maior do que o que seria esperado dos valores de B(E2). A Introdução de reorientação no estado 3- também permitiu melhor ajuste a distribuição angular deste estado. A análise da função de excitação do estado 2+ do ANTPOT. 92 Zr mostra que, para ajustar a região da Interferência nuclear-Coulombiana, é necessário Introduzir um termo de acoplamento dependente da energia incidente. Para as reações de transferência, foi obtido um ajuste multo bom, com DWBA, para a reação (ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 15 N). Para a reação (ANTPOT. 18 O, ANTPOT. 17 O), entretanto, encontrou-se grande discrepância entre os calculas DWBA e os dados experimentais são discutidas as possíveis origens de tais comportamentos fora dos \"padrões tradicionais\". / Angular distributions and excitation functions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 16,18 O by 92 Zr were measured at energies in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier, in order to study the Coulomb-nuclear Interference in the excitation of the 2+ (0.93\"1 MeV), 2 2+ (1.847 MeV) and 3- (2.340 MeV) states of 92 Zr, as well as In the excitation of the 2+ (1.982 MeV) state of 18 O. Besides the elastic and inelastic scattering, the transfer reactions ( 16O, 15N) and (18O, 17O) were also observed, with Intensities comparable to the Inelastic excitations. Angular distributions and excitation functions were thus obtained for these reactions as well. The experimental results were analyzed with DWBA and coupled channels calculations. The results from the analysis of the angular distributions show that the Coulomb-nuclear interference pattern in the 92 Zr (2+) excitation, both by 16 O and 18 O, could only be reproduced by Introducing a strong nuclear reorientation term, and at the same time a nuclear transition coupling much stronger than what would be expected from the B(E2) values. The Introduction of a nuclear reorientation term In the 3- excitation also lended to a better fit in the 3- angular distribution. The results of the analysis of the Zr(2+) excitation function shows that It is necessary to introduce an energy dependent coupling term In order to fit the Coulomb-nuclear Interference pattern. For the transfer reactions It was seen that DWBA can describe very well the ( 16O, 15N) angular distribution. For the (18O,17O) reaction, however, great discrepancies were found between the DWBA calculations and the experimental data. The possible origins of such \"uncommon\" behavior are discussed.

A estrutura nuclear do primeiro estado excitado do ANTPOT.64 Zn (J POT.= 2 POT.+, E IND.X = 0.992 MeV) foi estudada através de medidas do efeito de reorientação neste núcleo, e de distribuições angulares e funções de excitação do espalhamento de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O por ANTPOT.64 Zn na região de interferência nuclear-coulombiana. Foram investigados os processos de interação do núcleo ANTPOT.64 Zn com os íons ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O no espalhamento inelástico sem e com excitação do projétil. O efeito de reorientação na excitação coulombiana observado através do retroespalhamento de ANTPOT.4 He, ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O, permitiu a determinação precisa da probabilidade reduzida de transição B(E2; O POT.+ 2 POT.+) e do momento de quadrupolo estático Q IND.2+ do primeiro estado excitado do ANTPOT.64 Zn. As distribuições angulares e funções de excitação experimentais do espalhamento elástico de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O por ANTPOT.64 Zn foram analisadas com o modelo óptico. Os resultados experimentais do espalhamento inelástico de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O pelo mesmo núcleo, na região de interferência nuclear-coulombiana, foram analisados com a aproximação de Born com ondas distorcidas (DWBA) e considerando o acoplamento de canais, com fator de forma do modelo coletivo. Foram determinados os parâmetros de deformação nuclear do primeiro estado excitado 2 POT.+ do ANTPOT.64 Zn e do ANTPOT.18 O. / he nuclear structure of the first excited state of 64Zn (J=2+, Ex=0.992MeV) was studied by measuring the reorientation effect in this nucleus, the angular distributions and excitation functions of 16O and 18O scattering by 64Zn, in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region. The interaction processes between the 64Zn nucleus and the 16O and 18O ions in the inelastic scattering, with and without projectile excitation, were also investigated. The reorientation effect in Coulomb excitation, observed through backscattering of 4He, 16O and 18O ions, allowed a precise determination of the reduced transition probability B(E2; O+ 2+) and the static quadrupole moment Q2+ of the first excited state of 64Zn. Analyses of the angular distributions and excitation functions, obtained for the elastic scattering of 16O and18O by 64Zn, were performed in terms of the optical model. The experimental results fot the inelastic scattering of 16O and 18O by the same nucleus, in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region, were analysed by means of both distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and channel coupling with a collective form factor. Nuclear deformation parameters were thus determined for the 2+1 state of 64Zn and of 180.

This thesis describes a set of experiments to investigate the properties of fully relaxed reactions in the mass 80 region. Symmetric and asymmetric entrance channels, leading to similar compound nuclei, have been compared in order to determine the characteristics of the reaction mechanism. The symmetric system ⁴⁰Ca + ⁴⁰Ca has been studied at laboratory energies of 197.3 and 230.5 MeV. The fissionlike products were detected by a series of six time of flight telescopes, placed at angles between 10° and 52.4° to the beam, and a Bragg curve spectrometer-multiwire proportional chamber telescope, situated at 30°. Data were collected in both singles and coincidence modes. To complement this measurement, fully damped yields from ²⁸Si + ^50,52,54 Cr at 130 MeV and from ²⁸Si + ⁵⁰Cr at 150 MeV were measured using an array of four avalanche counter-silicon surface barrier detector telescopes spanning the angular range between 20° and 50°. The avalanche counters used in this experiment are of a new design which was developed in Oxford. We present the features of this design and discuss the detectors' operational characteristics. Several possible interpretations of the data are considered. It is shown that diffusion models of deep-inelastic scattering tend to underpredict the measured fully relaxed cross sections. Rotating finite range model calculations of fission barriers point to the possibility of fast-fission in this mass region; a process hitherto associated with much heavier systems. Furthermore, such models also predict that these systems may fission asymmetrically. The more commonly employed rotating liquid drop model of the nucleus is unable to predict either of these effects. The data are compared with those reported in the literature for other systems in this mass region. It is argued that all these results are consistent with fast-fission and asymmetric fission, thus obviating the need for the previously proposed interpretation in terms of intermediate mechanisms.

Diss. Uppsala : Univ., 2003.

Foram medidas distribuições angulares e funções de excitação do espalhamento de íons de ANTPOT. 16 O e ANTPOT. 18 O por ANTPOT. 92 Zr a energias Incidentes em torno da barreira Coulombiana, visando estudar a interferência nuclear-Coulombiana na excitação inelástica dos estados 2+ (0.934 MeV), 2 IND. 2+ (1.847 MeV) e 3- (2.340 MeV) do ANTPOT. 92 Zr, bem como na excitação do estado 2+ (1.962 MeV) do ANTPOT. 16 O, Além do espalhamento elástico e dos inelásticos, foram também observadas as reações (ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 15 N) e ( ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 17 O), com Intensidades comparáveis as das transições inelásticas. Foram obtidas distribuições angulares e funções de excitação também para estas reações. Os resultados experimentais foram analisados com cálculos utilizando a aproximação de Born com ondas distorcidas (DWBA) e com o formalismo de canais acoplados. A análise das distribuições angulares mostra que o padrão da interferência nuclear-Coulombiana na excitação do estado 2+ do ANTPOT. 92 zr, tanto por ANTPOT. 16 O como por ANTPOT. 18 O, somente pôde ser reproduzida introduzindo um forte termo de reorientação nuclear, e ao mesmo tempo uma intensidade de transição nuclear multo maior do que o que seria esperado dos valores de B(E2). A Introdução de reorientação no estado 3- também permitiu melhor ajuste a distribuição angular deste estado. A análise da função de excitação do estado 2+ do ANTPOT. 92 Zr mostra que, para ajustar a região da Interferência nuclear-Coulombiana, é necessário Introduzir um termo de acoplamento dependente da energia incidente. Para as reações de transferência, foi obtido um ajuste multo bom, com DWBA, para a reação (ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 15 N). Para a reação (ANTPOT. 18 O, ANTPOT. 17 O), entretanto, encontrou-se grande discrepância entre os calculas DWBA e os dados experimentais são discutidas as possíveis origens de tais comportamentos fora dos \"padrões tradicionais\". / Angular distributions and excitation functions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 16,18 O by 92 Zr were measured at energies in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier, in order to study the Coulomb-nuclear Interference in the excitation of the 2+ (0.93\"1 MeV), 2 2+ (1.847 MeV) and 3- (2.340 MeV) states of 92 Zr, as well as In the excitation of the 2+ (1.982 MeV) state of 18 O. Besides the elastic and inelastic scattering, the transfer reactions ( 16O, 15N) and (18O, 17O) were also observed, with Intensities comparable to the Inelastic excitations. Angular distributions and excitation functions were thus obtained for these reactions as well. The experimental results were analyzed with DWBA and coupled channels calculations. The results from the analysis of the angular distributions show that the Coulomb-nuclear interference pattern in the 92 Zr (2+) excitation, both by 16 O and 18 O, could only be reproduced by Introducing a strong nuclear reorientation term, and at the same time a nuclear transition coupling much stronger than what would be expected from the B(E2) values. The Introduction of a nuclear reorientation term In the 3- excitation also lended to a better fit in the 3- angular distribution. The results of the analysis of the Zr(2+) excitation function shows that It is necessary to introduce an energy dependent coupling term In order to fit the Coulomb-nuclear Interference pattern. For the transfer reactions It was seen that DWBA can describe very well the ( 16O, 15N) angular distribution. For the (18O,17O) reaction, however, great discrepancies were found between the DWBA calculations and the experimental data. The possible origins of such \"uncommon\" behavior are discussed.

A estrutura nuclear do primeiro estado excitado do ANTPOT.64 Zn (J POT.= 2 POT.+, E IND.X = 0.992 MeV) foi estudada através de medidas do efeito de reorientação neste núcleo, e de distribuições angulares e funções de excitação do espalhamento de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O por ANTPOT.64 Zn na região de interferência nuclear-coulombiana. Foram investigados os processos de interação do núcleo ANTPOT.64 Zn com os íons ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O no espalhamento inelástico sem e com excitação do projétil. O efeito de reorientação na excitação coulombiana observado através do retroespalhamento de ANTPOT.4 He, ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O, permitiu a determinação precisa da probabilidade reduzida de transição B(E2; O POT.+ 2 POT.+) e do momento de quadrupolo estático Q IND.2+ do primeiro estado excitado do ANTPOT.64 Zn. As distribuições angulares e funções de excitação experimentais do espalhamento elástico de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O por ANTPOT.64 Zn foram analisadas com o modelo óptico. Os resultados experimentais do espalhamento inelástico de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O pelo mesmo núcleo, na região de interferência nuclear-coulombiana, foram analisados com a aproximação de Born com ondas distorcidas (DWBA) e considerando o acoplamento de canais, com fator de forma do modelo coletivo. Foram determinados os parâmetros de deformação nuclear do primeiro estado excitado 2 POT.+ do ANTPOT.64 Zn e do ANTPOT.18 O. / he nuclear structure of the first excited state of 64Zn (J=2+, Ex=0.992MeV) was studied by measuring the reorientation effect in this nucleus, the angular distributions and excitation functions of 16O and 18O scattering by 64Zn, in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region. The interaction processes between the 64Zn nucleus and the 16O and 18O ions in the inelastic scattering, with and without projectile excitation, were also investigated. The reorientation effect in Coulomb excitation, observed through backscattering of 4He, 16O and 18O ions, allowed a precise determination of the reduced transition probability B(E2; O+ 2+) and the static quadrupole moment Q2+ of the first excited state of 64Zn. Analyses of the angular distributions and excitation functions, obtained for the elastic scattering of 16O and18O by 64Zn, were performed in terms of the optical model. The experimental results fot the inelastic scattering of 16O and 18O by the same nucleus, in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region, were analysed by means of both distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and channel coupling with a collective form factor. Nuclear deformation parameters were thus determined for the 2+1 state of 64Zn and of 180.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Daryush Ila. / M.S.

One of the primary concerns with space travel is the protection of astronauts from potentially lethal radiation. A major source of potentially lethal radiation is our own sun. During Solar Cycle 23 there were 97 detected Solar Particle Events (SPEs). In order to develop radiation protection guidelines and establish methods to protect astronauts the spectrum of particles emitted during a SPE must be understood. Data for oxygen and iron particle fluence was taken from the Solar Isotope Spectrometer. The fluence was sorted and formatted for each solar particle event. After determining the contribution to skin dose for oxygen, the time evolution of each event was analyzed. After analyzing the raw count data, a threshold was set that could be applied to each event. Using this threshold count rate as the starting point, each event was plotted and fitted with a smoothing polynomial function. The slope calculated from this function was then plotted against the previously calculated skin dose and a Weibull function was fitted to the data. The resulting plot provides a method to predict the cumulative dose due to the oxygen fluence over the first 24 hours of an event and thereby provide a warning of future high dose rate in time to achieve significant dose sparing for most events. For the ten events that delivered the highest oxygen dose, the dose sparing that could be achieved by taking shelter when the high dose rate was predicted was greater than 70 percent for all but one event. The one outlier achieved a dose paring of only 57 percent.

Thesis (Ph.D.) Dept. of Mathematical Physics, University of Adelaide, 1981. / Typescript (photocopy).

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg March 1975