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Semi-static hedging of guarantees in variable annuities under exponential lévy modelsPang, Long-fung., 彭朗峯. January 2010 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Statistics and Actuarial Science / Master / Master of Philosophy
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Can Hedgin Affect Firm's Market Value : A study with help of Tobin's QPersson, Jakob January 2006 (has links)
<p>Previous studies have identified that the use of currency derivatives in order to minimize the risk involved with foreign trade can also increase a firm’s value. Evidence of this can be found in a paper such as Allayannis and Weston (2001) “Use of Foreign Derivatives and Firm Market Value”, which showed that companies in the U.S. that uses these currency derivatives has a higher firm value than companies that do not use them. However, there have not been any studies concerning the Swedish market. This is why the Swedish market is selected for this thesis but also since the Swedish market is a more open market than the U.S. market for instance. The more open, the more volatile is the exchange rate, which one could see as a reason to why Swedish companies should hedge even more. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the Swedish market and to find out if there is a relation between the firm value and hedging, analyzed with help of Tobin’s Q that gives us a measurement of the firm’s underlying value.</p><p>The analysis is done on the 50 largest companies in Sweden, although some of the companies are ranked lower in the category total asset but since not all of the 50 largest companies met the requirements, the selection had to go further down the list. The data is received from the companies annual reports (2005), this to receive the latest data. The companies are analyzed with help of Tobin’s Q and also EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Tax), this to get a measurement of how the market value of the companies was towards each others with pr without hedging.</p><p>The result is presented in the analyze and shows that there is no relation between firm value and hedging, at least not in this research and with this selection of companies in the Swedish market. This result contradicts the findings in the paper made on the U.S. market.</p>
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Considerando el cambio climático en un modelo de producción forestalZapata Tapia, Camila Beatriz January 2015 (has links)
Ingeniera Civil Industrial / El cambio climático puede impactar sustancialmente en el sector forestal, existen diversos estudios que demuestran que los inviernos serán más cálidos y las temporadas secas aumentarán. El objetivo de este proyecto es elaborar un método que permita incluir el factor del calentamiento global en las decisiones de producción forestal. Esto a partir de un trabajo anterior, el cual concluye que agregar incertidumbre en estos modelos aumenta el beneficio esperado a través de la inclusión de 32 escenarios climáticos, agrupados en un árbol de escenarios. El aporte de este trabajo será especificar hasta qué punto es provechoso seguir aumentando los escenarios considerados.
La complejidad del problema viene dada por la cantidad de datos a utilizar, ya que al aumentar el tamaño del árbol de escenarios, los tiempos de resolución incrementan considerablemente, esto ya que los escenarios comparten etapas, que deben tener valores comunes para las variables de decisión. Así, se obtiene un plan contingente, condicional a lo que ocurra en cada etapa, teniendo siempre la mejor respuesta.
La metodología considera generar los escenarios de clima basado en predicciones ya hechas en distintas estaciones meteorológicas de Portugal, país donde está ubicada la zona de estudio. Luego, se busca construir un modelo de programación lineal, donde la decisión corresponde a qué áreas de un bosque talar en cada periodo. Se busca maximizar los beneficios obtenidos según los precios que corresponden a cada escenario. Para llegar a una solución con una gran cantidad de escenarios, será necesario utilizar un algoritmo que permita simplificar la resolución, en este caso Progressive Hedging, cuyo principio es resolver a través de la descomposición por escenarios. Se estudian mejoras al algoritmo, además de opciones de reducción y agrupación de escenarios, para mejorar la eficiencia del mismo.
Los resultados obtenidos indican que la utilización de Progressive Hedging ofrece una eficiencia superior para instancias de gran tamaño. Esto a partir de las instancias mayores a los 300 escenarios, y además se concluye que el número óptimo de escenarios a considerar rodea los 650, en dicho punto el costo adicional para general la solución no se ve justificado, ya que la calidad de la misma no aumenta significativamente. Por otra parte, la técnica de clustering para la reducción de escenarios resultó efectiva para mejorar aún más los tiempos de resolución, considerando su correspondiente pérdida en la calidad de la solución.
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Litigation Risk and HedgingAlkhamis, Mohammad Bader, Alkhamis, Mohammad Bader January 2016 (has links)
Firms operating in the United States face important litigation risk, yet little is known on how this risk affects financial decisions. I use a natural experiment to explore the effect of litigation risk on firms' hedging behavior. I find that firms are more likely to use financial derivatives following an exogenous increase in litigation risk. This finding is stronger in the subset of firms with higher distress costs, lower credit ratings, and higher legal concerns. My results imply that litigation risk can at least partially explain the use of financial derivatives.
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On Corporate Hedging and Firm Focus and on Bank Board StructureZeng, Bei 20 December 2009 (has links)
This dissertation consists of two essays: one looks at the relation between firm focus and hedging in the REIT industry, and the other compares bank board structures in China and the US. The first essay presented in Chapter 2 examines the relation between corporate hedging and firm focus in the REIT industry by using a sample of REITs in 2005 and in 2007. We find 46.41% utilization rate in 2005 and 43.41% in 2007. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that, relative to diversified firms, focused firms are more likely to engage in hedging. Focused firms also tend to be involved in greater amount of hedging. We also document a negative relation between hedging and transparency, although the evidence is not overwhelming. Consistent with previous literature, there is a strong firm size effect. The second essay presented in Chapter 3 examines the relation between bank performance and board structure by using a sample of 74 US banks and 53 Chinese banks for the period 2002 to 2006. Indeed, the empirical relation between board structure and performance is virtually non-existing in China. In particular, for the US sample, the board size is found to be significantly and negatively correlated with ROA, but a larger board also tends to be associated with lower costs. For Chinese banks, the evidence indicates that governance variables are not significantly correlated with performances with the exception of block ownership: there is strong evidence that the relation between block ownership and bank performance is negative. Additionally, we find substantial differences in board structure between the two countries; in particular the average board size and the proportion of outside directors for US banks are almost twice of those in China.
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Complete stochastic forestry planning problem using progressive hedging algorithmPais Martínez, Cristóbal January 2014 (has links)
Magíster en Gestión de Operaciones / Ingeniero Civil Industrial / El trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis se enmarca dentro del área de investigación de operaciones, en el campo de la optimización estocástica para un problema de planificación forestal, el cual se modela como un problema lineal de carácter mixto.
El problema de planificación forestal abordado en esta tesis consiste en la maximización del valor presente del plan de explotación táctico de un conjunto de 17 bosques sujeto a incertidumbres internas (rendimiento de los diversos predios) y externas (precio de los productos y cantidad demandada de estos), incertidumbres que se representan a través de árboles de escenarios. Dentro de las principales decisiones a realizar se encuentra la construcción y/o mejora de caminos de la red interna junto a la cantidad de cada predio que será cosechada, almacenada y vendida durante cada periodo.
Llevar a cabo la resolución de este tipo de problemas estocásticos bajo las técnicas de optimización tradicionales se vuelve inabordable en la medida que el tamaño de la instancia aumenta, lo que justifica la utilización de un algoritmo adecuado para alcanzar resultados en tiempos razonables. La metodología de resolución utilizada se basa en el algoritmo de descomposición por escenarios Progressive Hedging (PH) sobre el cuál se realizan una serie de ajustes según las características del problema con tal de obtener mejores rendimientos. Junto a esto, se realizan una serie de comparaciones de diversas implementaciones del mismo algoritmo con respecto a técnicas de optimización tradicionales, determinando y analizando las ventajas que ofrece PH para el problema en estudio.
Se implementa una metodología de generación de árboles de escenarios basada en un modelo matemático robusto, utilizando como punto de partida un proceso estocástico para representar el movimiento de las variables aleatorias, lo que permite obtener soluciones rigurosas y de calidad.
Se lleva a cabo un estudio detallado respecto a técnicas de reducción de escenarios, así como del desarrollo de una metodología de simulación que permite comparar de forma cuantitativa el rendimiento de modelos estocásticos y determinísticos, permitiendo estimar el número suficiente de escenarios que logran representar de buena manera la realidad, manteniéndose óptimo el trade-off entre calidad de solución y tiempos de cómputo involucrados.
Los resultados concluyen que la utilización del algoritmo PH bajo las configuraciones y ajustes realizados ofrece rendimientos superiores a las técnicas de optimización clásicas y tradicionales para problemas estocásticos de gran escala, con la posibilidad de explotar de gran manera su implementación en paralelo, obteniéndose así rendimientos superiores en la medida que se cuente con mayores recursos computacionales. Se determinan los mejores métodos para llevar a cabo la reducción del número de escenarios de la instancia original, permitiendo así el manejo abordable de instancias que inicialmente se presentan complejas.
Finalmente, la aplicación de la metodología de comparación de rendimiento entre modelos determinísticos y estocásticos fue satisfactoria, determinándose un rango para el número suficiente de escenarios a utilizar dentro del modelo en estudio de tal forma de alcanzar un punto óptimo entre calidad de la solución y el rendimiento computacional del modelo.
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Využití strukturovaných derivátových produktů k zajišťování úrokového a měnového rizika / Derivatives and their use in forex and interest rate hedgingKlozar, Martin January 2008 (has links)
Graduation thesis elaborates on basic principles of forex and interest rate hedge and its fundamental elements as characteristics and types of hedging and focuses on use of derivatives and their combinations. Second part presents and analyzes particular examples of forex and interest rate hedge instruments practically used in world of financial markets, enlighten their structure and construction and states basic principles of their behaviour in accordance with different scenarios of forex and interest rates trends.
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Stochastic volatility models: calibration, pricing and hedgingPoklewski-Koziell, Warrick 01 October 2012 (has links)
Stochastic volatility models have long provided a popular alternative to the Black-
Scholes-Merton framework. They provide, in a self-consistent way, an explanation
for the presence of implied volatility smiles/skews seen in practice. Incorporating
jumps into the stochastic volatility framework gives further freedom to nancial
mathematicians to t both the short and long end of the implied volatility surface.
We present three stochastic volatility models here - the Heston model, the Bates
model and the SVJJ model. The latter two models incorporate jumps in the stock
price process and, in the case of the SVJJ model, jumps in the volatility process. We
analyse the e ects that the di erent model parameters have on the implied volatility
surface as well as the returns distribution. We also present pricing techniques for
determining vanilla European option prices under the dynamics of the three models.
These include the fast Fourier transform (FFT) framework of Carr and Madan as
well as two Monte Carlo pricing methods. Making use of the FFT pricing framework,
we present calibration techniques for tting the models to option data. Speci cally,
we examine the use of the genetic algorithm, adaptive simulated annealing and a
MATLAB optimisation routine for tting the models to option data via a leastsquares
calibration routine. We favour the genetic algorithm and make use of it in
tting the three models to ALSI and S&P 500 option data. The last section of the
dissertation provides hedging techniques for the models via the calculation of option
price sensitivities. We nd that a delta, vega and gamma hedging scheme provides
the best results for the Heston model. The inclusion of jumps in the stock price and
volatility processes, however, worsens the performance of this scheme. MATLAB
code for some of the routines implemented is provided in the appendix.
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The valuation and Hedging of default-contingent claims in multiple currenciesTruter, Gavin Kenneth 18 September 2012 (has links)
This dissertation examines the pricing of the same credit risk in two currencies, and
hence the valuation of credit-contingent foreign exchange products. Such pricing
hinges upon the dependence of the credit risk and the foreign exchange rate. We recall
the reduced-form model proposed by Ehlers (2007), which allows credit-currency
dependence through correlation between the Brownian motions driving the default
intensity and the exchange rate, and through a jump in the exchange rate at the
default time. Four basic specifications of this model are considered. Two of these
specifications have not previously appeared in the literature and one of these, based
on a lognormal process for the default intensity, proves to be especially useful and
tractable. The problem of hedging defaultable claims in one currency with similar
claims in another is briefly considered, and it is shown that hedging against the
default event and against credit spread movements are not in general equivalent.
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Should people hedge against transaction exposure.January 1989 (has links)
by Rick Bute Man-kwong, Michael Wong Kam-tak. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves [1]-[2]
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