Pasture-based dairies have become more prevalent in recent years due to a higher proportion of organic milk demand and production. Organic certification requires that animals must graze at least 120 days in each growing season. However, dry matter intake is often limited when dairy animals receive most of their herbage from pasture, resulting in lower animal performance and milk production. The purpose of this study was to analyze the complimentary effect of high energy grasses with birdsfoot trefoil (BFT) tannins to improve intake of dairy heifers. Jersey heifers were rotationally grazed for 105 days in 2017 and 2018 on eight different pasture treatments, which included monocultures of perennial ryegrass (PR), orchardgrass (OG), meadow bromegrass (MB), and tall fescue (TF), with each respective grass also planted in mixture with BFT. Intake was measured by sampling herbage before and after each seven-day grazing period and was from greatest to least as follows: MB+BFT, OG+BFT, OG, MB, PR+BFT, TF+BFT, PR, TF. Physical characteristics such as pasture bulk density, herbage height, herbage allowance, leaf pubescence, leaf softness, and birdsfoot trefoil content as well as nutritional properties such as fat, non-fibrous carbohydrates, fiber, and energy were all associated with intake. Crude protein and ash were also associated with intake. While PR+BFT did not have the greatest overall intake, it was the only treatment that consistently had greater intake than its respective grass monoculture (PR). Since it had more energy and tannins than all other grasses, a complimentary effect between energy and tannins to increase intake was likely. The fact that both physical and chemical herbage characteristics were associated with intake shows the importance of planting the right species in pasture as well as making proper management decisions to maximize nutritive value and herbage intake.

Incremental gains in productivity from new forages are likely to be very small in developed countries like the USA where forage research is highly advanced, thus animals must be used in determining their value. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment I evaluated grazing preference of cattle and its relationship with morphological and chemical characteristics. Treatments were two diploid cultivars ‘Marshall’ and ‘Gulf’ and two tetraploid cultivars ‘Maximus’ and ‘Nelson’ arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Animal preference was based on herbage disappearance, the Chesson-Manly index, and animal grazing time. Both herbage disappearance (1400 vs. 890 kg ha-1) and Chesson-Manly index (8.1 vs. 5.8%) were greater for tetraploid than diploid cultivars. Experiment II quantified forage and animal response of a tetraploid (Maximus) vs. a diploid (Marshall) annual ryegrass. Three stocking rates (SR), 3.75, 5, or 7.5 animals ha-1, were imposed on the two cultivars in a 3 × 2 factorial of a CRD experiment with two replications. Angus cross-bred heifers (initial BW = 240 kg) were used. There was no cultivar effect or any interactions on ADG or herbage mass (HM). Both ADG (1.22 kg d-1 at low SR to 0.98 kg d-1 at high SR) and HM (3.8 Mg ha-1 at low SR to 2.5 Mg ha-1 at high SR) had a linear response to SR. Experiment III quantified forage production, morphological characteristics, and nutritive value between a tetraploid (Maximus) vs. a diploid (Marshall) annual ryegrass cultivar harvested at three different leaf stages 2-, 3-, and 4-leaves tiller-1 and two stubble heights 5 and 10 cm. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial of a RCBD experiment with four replications. In 2011, there was a linear increase in forage harvested from 2-leaf (7.3 Mg DM ha-1) to 4-leaf stage (8.8 Mg DM ha-1) and in 2012 the response was quadratic with the highest forage harvested at 2- and 4-leaf stages (7.6 Mg DM ha-1). These results indicate that cultivars of annual ryegrass varied in their responses to grazing preference, grazing management, and defoliation management based on leaf stage.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:02:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 845831 bytes, checksum: e27813250bb27588615c84622b0654dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / This work was conducted with the objective of generating recommendations for initial heights and periods of deferment in Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk evaluating its effects on herbage mass, pasture and structural characteristics of the interaction between. The experiment was conducted at the Forage Industry, Federal University of Viçosa, in Viçosa, MG, in the period from January to July of the years 2010 and 2011. Treatments consisted of three sward heights (10, 20 and 30 cm) at the beginning of deferment and three periods of deferment, and that in 2010 the durations were 171, 141 and 109 days in 2011 and 131, 100 and 71 days, arranged in split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In plots (2 x 6 m) evaluated the deferment periods and, in the subplots (2 x 2 m), the sward heights initial. The variables evaluated were tiller density, herbage mass and its morphological components, heights and tipping index and volumetric density of morphological components. There was interaction between the deferral period and initial height of the pasture, in at least one of the experimental years, for the number of vegetative tillers, herbage total mass, mass of alive culm, dead blade mass, relationship between leaf blade masses alive and stem alive, plant height extended and volumetric at density alive blade leaf and alive stem. The pastures deferred for a short period had lower total forage mass (3.876 kg/ha de DM), of alive culm (942 kg/ha de DM), of dead leaf (785 kg/ha de DM) and culm dead (1.282 kg/ha de DM), greater number vegetative tillers (797 tillers/m²), lower number of reproductive tillers (2 tillers/m²), index lower tipping (1,4), upper mass alive leaf blade (655 kg/ha de DM) and high volumetric densities of blade leaf alive (24 kg/ha.cm de DM). The higher pastures at the beginning of the deferral had fewer vegetative tillers (431 tillers/m²), higher total forage mass (4.116 kg/ha de DM), leaf blade dead (968 kg/ha de DM), of dead stem (1.902 kg/ha de DM), higher the plant height extended (64 cm), and of pasture (41 cm). The resulting effects the deferral period and initial height of the pasture were of the same nature. The variation in the length of the deferral period influenced 100% of evaluated traits in 2010 and 85% in 2011. The use of long deferral period reduces the effects of sward height on the structure of signal grass. You can reduce the deferral period and increase the initial height of pasture B. decumbens to obtain forage mass similar to that obtained with greater adoption of the deferral period and lower sward height. Pastures B. decumbens cv. Basilisk deferred for use in July can be managed with periods of deferral 71-109 days and initial height of 20 to 30 cm. The initial height of 10 cm is recommended when taking longer deferral period. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo gerar recomendações de alturas iniciais e períodos de diferimento em pastos de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, avaliando seus efeitos sobre a massa de forragem e características estruturais do pasto. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Forragicultura da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa, MG, no período de janeiro a julho dos anos 2010 e 2011. Os tratamentos consistiram de três alturas de pasto (10, 20 e 30 cm) no início do diferimento e três períodos de diferimentos (171, 141 e 109 dias em 2010 e 131, 100 e 71 dias em 2011). Os fatores foram arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Nas parcelas (2 x 6 m) foram avaliados os períodos de diferimentos e nas subparcelas (2 x 2 m), as alturas iniciais do pasto. As variáveis avaliadas foram densidade populacional de perfilhos, massa de forragem e de seus componentes morfológicos, alturas, índice de tombamento e densidade volumétrica dos componentes morfológicos dos pastos. Houve interação entre período de diferimento e altura inicial do pasto, em pelo menos um dos anos experimentais, para o número de perfilhos vegetativos, massa de forragem total, massa de colmo vivo, massa de lâmina foliar morta, relação entre as massas de lâmina foliar viva e colmo vivo, altura da planta estendida e densidades volumétricas de lâmina foliar viva e colmo vivo. Os pastos diferidos por curto período em 2010 e 2011 apresentaram menores massas de forragem total (3.664 e 3.876 kg/ha de MS, respectivamente). No ano 2010, os pastos diferidos por curto período apresentaram menor massa de colmo vivo (942 kg/ha de MS), de lâmina foliar morta (785 kg/ha de MS) e de colmo morto (1.282 kg/ha de MS), maior número de perfilhos vegetativos (797 perfilhos/m²), número inferior de perfilhos reprodutivos (dois perfilhos/m²), menor índice de tombamento (1,4), superior massa de lâmina foliar viva (655 kg/ha de MS) e altas densidades volumétricas de lâmina foliar viva (24 kg/ha.cm de MS). Os pastos mais altos no início do diferimento apresentaram menor número de perfilhos vegetativos (431 perfilhos/m²), maiores massas de forragem total (4.116 kg/ha de MS), de lâmina foliar morta (968 kg/ha de MS) e de colmo morto (1.902 kg/ha de MS) e superiores alturas da planta estendida (64 cm) e do pasto (41 cm). Os efeitos resultantes do período de diferimento e altura inicial do pasto foram de mesma natureza. A variação na duração do período de diferimento influenciou 100% das características avaliadas em 2010 e 85% em 2011. O uso de período de diferimento longo reduz os efeitos da altura do pasto sobre a estrutura do capim-braquiária. É possível diminuir o período de diferimento e aumentar a altura inicial do pasto de B. decumbens para obtenção de massa de forragem semelhante à obtida com adoção de maior período de diferimento e menor altura do pasto. Pastos de B. decumbens cv. Basilisk diferidos para utilização em julho podem ser manejados com períodos de diferimento de 71 a 109 dias e altura inicial de 20 a 30 cm. A altura inicial de 10 cm é recomendada quando se adota período de diferimento mais longo.

No description available.

Submitted by PAOLA PALAURO SPASIANI null (paspasiani@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-07T22:28:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_FINAL_PAOLA_COMPLETA.pdf: 1094137 bytes, checksum: 1880f9b0c1c104145166d750bbad626e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-08T13:20:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 spasiani_pp_me_jabo.pdf: 1094137 bytes, checksum: 1880f9b0c1c104145166d750bbad626e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T13:20:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 spasiani_pp_me_jabo.pdf: 1094137 bytes, checksum: 1880f9b0c1c104145166d750bbad626e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar as diferenças na emissão de metano, consumo e digestibilidade aparente de ovinos mantidos em pastos de capim-massai (Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum) em sistema silvipastoril sob lotação intermitente com diferentes espaçamentos arbóreos. O experimento foi conduzido no setor de Forragicultura e Pastagens da FCAV, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, no período de janeiro a julho de 2015. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dois espaçamentos entre árvores de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis) (6,0m x 1,5m e 12,0m x 1,5m) em sistema silvipastoril (E6 e E12, respectivamente), e um tratamento que permaneceu sem árvores (SA). Foram utilizados ovinos adultos, manejados sob lotação intermitente. Como critério de entrada dos animais no pasto, foi utilizada a medida de 95% de interceptação luminosa do capim-massai. Como critério de saída, foi utilizada a altura de 20 cm da planta forrageira. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (arranjos arbóreos) e seis repetições (piquetes) no caso das variáveis de altura e massa do capim-massai e cinco repetições (animais) das variáveis de digestibilidade, consumo e emissão de metano (CH4). Os pastos foram avaliados em épocas do ano (águas e seca). Foi realizada a análise de contrastes ortogonais (1º e 2º graus) para os ciclos de pastejo e teste de médias Tukey para espaçamentos arbóreos (α=5%). Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos para altura do dossel forrageiro, relação entre massa seca de forragem verde:morta e massa seca de forragem do pré e pós pastejo nos três ciclos, sendo o tratamento E6 o que apresentou os menores (p<0,05) valores em relação aos demais tratamentos. Houve interação significativa (p<0,05) entre os ciclos de pastejo e espaçamentos arbóreos para as médias de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (DMS). As médias de DMS do ciclo de julho foram maiores (p<0,05) do que as do ciclo de março. No ciclo de julho as médias de DMS variaram entre os espaçamentos arbóreos sendo no tratamento SA maiores (p<0,05) que o tratamento E6. Houve interação significativa (p<0,05) entre os ciclos de pastejo e espaçamentos arbóreos para as médias de consumo de forragem e de energia. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi maior no ciclo de pastejo de julho. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os espaçamentos arbóreos somente nas médias de CMS, consumo de energia bruta (CEB) e consumo de energia digestível (CED) do ciclo de pastejo de julho, onde o tratamento SA apresentou maiores (p<0,05) médias em relação ao tratamento E6. Houve interação significativa (p<0,05) entre os ciclos de pastejo e espaçamentos arbóreos nas médias de emissão de CH4 pelos animais por dia e por ano (CH4dia e CH4ano). No ciclo de pastejo de julho, as médias de CH4dia e CH4ano foram maiores (p<0,05) em comparação com as médias de março. As variáveis de emissão de CH4 por unidade de consumo apresentaram diferenças significativas apenas para ciclo de pastejo, onde julho apresentou menores (p<0,05) valores de emissão e CH4 por kg de matéria seca consumida, por energia bruta consumida e por energia digestível consumida, quando comparado às emissões do ciclo de pastejo de março. / This study aimed to identify and quantify the differences in methane (CH4) emission, intake and apparent digestibility of sheep kept in massaigrass pastures (Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum) in silvopastoral system under intermittent stocking with different arboreal spacings. The experiment was conducted at the Forage and Pastures sector of FCAV, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, from January to July 2015. The treatments consisted of two spacings between eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis) (6,0m x 1,5m and 12,0m x 1,5m) in silvopastoral system (E6 and E12, respectively), and a treatment that remained treeless (TL). Adult sheep, managed under intermittent stocking were used. As animals enter criteria in the pasture was used to measure 95% light interception of massaigrass. As exit criteria, it used the height of 20 cm of the forage plant. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (arboreal arrangements) and six replicates (paddocks) in the case of height and mass variables of the massaigrass and 5 repetitions (animals) of digestibility variables, intake and emission of methane (CH4). The pastures were evaluated in a year (water and dry seasons). The analysis of orthogonal contrasts was held (1st and 2nd degree) for grazing cycles and Tukey test for arboreal spacings (α = 5%). There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between treatments for sward height, ratio of dry matter forage: dead, dry herbage mass of pre and post grazing in the three cycles, the E6 treatment which presented the lower (p <0.05) values than the other treatments. There was a significant interaction (p <0.05) between grazing cycles and arboreal spacings for the average apparent digestibility of dry matter (DDM). The average DDM July cycle were greater (p <0.05) than those of March cycle. In cycle July average DDM varied between arboreal spacings being larger TL treatment (p <0.05) than the E6 treatment. There was a significant interaction (p <0.05) between grazing cycles and arboreal spacings for the average forage and energy intake. The dry matter intake (DMI) was higher in July grazing cycle. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the arboreal spacings only in average DMI, gross energy intake (GEI) and digestible energy intake (DEI) of July grazing cycle, where treatment TL showed higher (p <0.05) averages for the E6 processing. There was a significant interaction (p <0.05) between cycles of grazing and arboreal spacings in average CH4 emission by animals per day and per year (CH4day and CH4year). In the grazing cycle of July, the average CH4day and CH4year were higher (p <0.05) compared with the averages for March. The CH4 emission variables per unit of intake showed significant differences only for grazing cycle, where July showed lower (p <0.05) emission and CH4 per kg of dry matter consumed by gross energy consumption and digestible energy consumed when compared to emissions of March grazing cycle.

This work aimed to evaluate the utilization of different grazing intensity on the productive and structural characteristics of pasture and on the ingestive behaviour and performance of sheep in continuous grazing. The treatment were different herbage masses (HM) in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture: LHM: 1000-1200 kg/ha of dry matter (DM); IHM: 1400-1600 kg/ha DM; HHM: 1800-2000 kg/ha DM. The experimental design was the randomly complete, with three treatments and two area replicates. The data were submitted at the regression analysis in function of HM observed in the experimental units: 1136.8, 1190.9, 1359.2, 1375, 1556 e 1739.1 kg/ha DM. The values of leaf lamina mass, pseudostem mass, forage allowance, leaf lamina allowance, sward height, pseudostem height, leaf lamina depth and average daily gain increased linearly with increase of HM (P<0.10). Quadratic effect (P<0.10) in herbage production, herbage losses and herbage disappearance were observed. The stocking rate (kg/ha of live weight and hoggets/ha) and bite rate decreased linearly with increase of HM (P<0.10). No HM effects (P>0.10) on the tiller population density, herbage daily accumulation rate, percentage of pasture utilization, herbage intake, grazing time, ruminating time, idle time, number of daily bite, bite mass, body condition score gain, live weight gain per area and conversion efficiency of forage in live weight were observed. Herbage mass varying among 1136.8 a 1739.1 hg/ha DM in Italian ryegrass pasture affect the herbage production and herbage losses, without influence in the percentage of pasture utilization, weight gain per area and conversion efficiency of forage in animal product. The main factor determining individual performance of animals is the leaf lamina layer depth / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de diferentes intensidades de pastejo sobre as características produtivas e estruturais da pastagem e sobre o comportamento ingestivo e desempenho de ovinos em pastejo contínuo. Os tratamentos foram diferentes massas de forragem (MF) em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.): MFB: 1000-1200 kg/ha de matéria seca (MS); MFI: 1400-1600 kg/ha MS; MFA: 1800-2000 kg/ha MS. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e duas repetições de área. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão em função das MF observadas nas unidades experimentais: 1136,8, 1190,9, 1359,2, 1375, 1556 e 1739,1 kg/ha MS. Os valores de massa de lâminas foliares e de pseudocolmo, oferta de forragem e de lâminas foliares, altura de dossel e de pseudocolmo, profundidade de lâminas foliares e ganho médio diário aumentaram linearmente com aumento da MF (P<0,10). Houve efeito quadrático (P<0,10) para produção, perdas e desaparecimento de forragem. A carga animal (kg/ha PV), taxa de lotação (borregas/ha) e taxa de bocadas diminuíram linearmente com o aumento da MF (P<0,10). Não houve efeito das MF avaliadas (P>0,10) na densidade populacional de perfilhos, taxa de acumulação diária de forragem, porcentagem de utilização da pastagem, consumo de forragem, tempos de pastejo, ruminação e ócio, número diário de bocadas, massa de bocado, ganho de condição corporal, ganho de peso vivo por área e eficiência de conversão de forragem em peso vivo. Massas de forragem variando de 1136,8 a 1739,1 kg/ha MS em pastagem de azevém afetam a produção e perdas de forragem, sem influenciar a porcentagem de utilização da pastagem, o ganho de peso vivo por área e a eficiência de transformação da forragem em produto animal. O principal fator determinante do desempenho individual dos animais é a profundidade da camada de lâminas foliares

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ItaniaMMA_DISSERT.pdf: 824423 bytes, checksum: afea5ac43f7f8530cfb948b922808ef4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplements feeding on growth of calves grazing a Panicum maximum cv. Momba?a pasture during the dry season. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with three treatments and three replications. The treatments were: mineral salt ad libidum; multiple mixture (MM) fed at 0.2% of live weight (PV); and, concentrate feed (SC) fed at 0.7% of PV. Thirty six weaned calves averaging eight months and 192 kg of initial live weight were utilized. The masses and pasture components, nutritive value and rate of forage growth were evaluated. Animal performance was measured as average daily gain (ADG) and live weight gain (LWG). The supplemental feeding was adjusted after weighing. There was no difference between periods for forage mass and leaf: stem ratio. The highest values for forage green mass, leaf blades mass and stem percentage were observed in the first trial period. The canopy height and the available forage on offer did not differ among treatments. The percentage of dead was higher for the last periods of evaluation. The leaf: stem ratio and the leaf percentage were greater in the second period. There was significant difference (p<0,05) among treatments for the ADG and were 250, 460 and 770 g/day for salt, MM and SC, respectively. The biggest LWG was observed in the treatment SC. contents of PB, DIVMO, NDF and LDA on leaf blades, thatched roofs and dead material dead not differ among treatments. The highest GPV was observed in the SC treatment. The contents of PB, DIVMO, NDF and LDA for leaf blades stem and dead material did not differ among treatments. Independent of the use supplements , it is possible to keep steers gaining weight, during dry season, since the stocking rate is appropriately adjusted / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de suplementos na recria de bovinos em pastos de Panicum maximum cv. Momba?a na ?poca seca. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com tr?s tratamentos e tr?s repeti??es. Os tratamentos constitu?ram-se de: sal mineral ? vontade; mistura m?ltipla (MM), fornecida a 0,2% do peso vivo (PV); e, suplemento concentrado (SC), fornecido a 0,7% do PV. Foram utilizados 36 bezerros desmamados, com idade m?dia de oito meses e peso m?dio inicial de 192 kg. Mensalmente, os pastos foram amostrados para as estimativas de altura, massa de forragem (MF), massa de forragem verde (MFV), massa de l?mina foliar (MLF), porcentagens de folha (PF), colmo (PC) e morto (PM), rela??o folha:colmo (RFC) e folha:n?o folha, oferta de forragem e taxa de ac?mulo de forragem (TAF), sendo os dados agrupados em quatro per?odos. Os animais foram pesados a cada 28 dias e a produ??o animal foi avaliada quanto ao ganho m?dio di?rio (GMD) e ganho de peso vivo por ?rea (GPV). A quantidade de suplemento foi ajustada a cada pesagem. N?o houve diferen?a entre per?odos para a massa de forragem e rela??o folha:colmo. Os maiores valores para massa de forragem verde, massa de l?mina foliar e porcentagem de colmo foram observados no primeiro per?odo de avalia??o. A altura do dossel e a oferta de forragem n?o diferiram entre os tratamentos. A porcentagem de material morto foi maior nos ?ltimos per?odos de avalia??o. A rela??o folha:n?o folha e a porcentagem de l?mina foliar foram maiores no segundo per?odo. O GMD foi de 250, 460 e 770 g/animal/dia, respectivamente, para sal, MM e SC. O maior GPV foi observado no tratamento SC. Os teores de PB, DIVMO, FDN e LDA nas l?minas foliares, colmo e material morto n?o diferiram entre os tratamentos. Independente do uso de suplementos, ? poss?vel manter o ganho de peso dos animais durante a esta??o seca, desde que a taxa de lota??o seja ajustada de forma adequada