Heterotrophic bacterioplankton plays a pivotal role in marine food webs and biogeochemical cycling. However, their temporal dynamics and underlying factors are still poorly understood in many regions, including the tropical waters of the Red Sea. The main goal of the MS project was to describe the seasonality and assess the impact of top-down controls (viruses and heterotrophic nanoflagellates) in parallel to bottom-up controls (substrate availability) on coastal bacterioplankton on a weekly basis. To that end, we monitored the abundance of the different planktonic groups by flow cytometry together with a set of environmental variables including temperature, salinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) and chlorophyll a concentration. We analyzed a weekly dataset collected over 2017 at the surface water of KAUST Harbor. The abundance of heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.55 to 4.97 x 105 cells ml-1, with that of autotrophic bacteria 4 to 14 fold less on average and presents 1 x 104 to 1.19x105 cells ml-1, while viruses ranged from 1.30 x 106 to 1.59 x 107 particles ml-1, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) ranged from 8.62 x 10 to 1.63 x 103 cells ml-1. We distinguished between five groups of heterotrophic bacteria depending on the relative nucleic acid content, membrane state and cell-specific metabolic activity, two groups of Synechococcus, as well as three groups of viruses based on relative nucleic acid content. We found unexpected inverse relationship between viruses and HNFs. Based on a strong negative correlation, the results suggest that viruses controlled heterotrophic bacteria during summer until early winter period. HNFs showed a selective grazing behavior based their apparent preference to prey on both high (HNA) and low nucleic acid bacteria (LNA). Our results demonstrates that top-down control are key agents of heterotrophic bacterioplankton mortality and more important than bottom-up control in governing heterotrophic bacterioplankton abundances in the coastal tropical waters of the Red Sea.

Ce travail est une contribution à la connaissance de l’importance des particules de nature polysaccharidique, les TEP (Transparent Exopolymer Particles) ou particules d’Exopolymères Transparentes, en milieu pélagique lacustre.Les différentes études présentées dans ce mémoire se sont essentiellement focalisées sur la distribution de ces particules et leur relation avec le phytoplancton et les autres microorganismes du réseau trophique aquatique en milieu naturel (le lac Pavin, oligo-mésotrophe et le réservoir hypereutrophe de Grangent) et en conditions semi contrôlées(enclos limniques installés sur le lac de Créteil). Les résultats de l’étude printanière au lac Pavin indiquent que la majorité des TEP sont colonisées par les bactéries et que l’intensité de colonisation est fortement liée à la température et diminue avec l’augmentation en taille des particules. La distribution des nanoflagellés hétérotrophes (HNF) est fortement liée à la densité des TEP mais pas à l’intensité de colonisation de ces particules. L’abondance et la surface cumulée de TEP sont significativement plus élevées dans le lac oligo-mésotrophe que dans le réservoir hypereutrophe de Grangent. Les abondances et les concentrations élevées de particules dans le lac Pavin coïncident avec la présence de diatomées de grande taille au printemps et en automne et avec les chlorophycées à la fin de l’été.Dans le réservoir de Grangent les valeurs maximales de TEP coïncident avec le développement de la cyanobactérie Microcystis aeruginosa. Si les TEP augmentent avec la productivité de l’écosystème, la production de ces particules par unité de chlorophylle a dépend de la composition algale et tend à diminuer avec l’augmentation du niveau trophique du milieu. Les résultats issus de la biomanipulation en enclos limniques indiquent que la structure du réseau trophique aquatique (par la présence ou l’absence de poissons planctonophages) influence fortement la distribution,la dynamique et le spectre de taille des TEP. Dans le traitement poisson, l’abondance des TEP, la chlorophylle a et la biomasse des chlorophycées sont fortement corrélées. De par son broutage sur le phytoplancton, le zooplancton a un effet négatif sur les TEP dans le traitement sans poissons mais il contribue sans doute à la formation de TEP e tinfluence le spectre de taille de ces dernières dans ce traitement. Ce travail souligne l’importance des particules de nature polysaccharidique en milieu pélagique lacustre qui doivent être considérées comme une part importante du carbone organique qui transite des producteurs primaires vers les décomposeurs et vers le sédiment. / This work adds to the knowledge of the significance of polysaccharidic detrital particles or TEP (= Transparent Exopolymer Particles) in freshwater pelagic environments. Studies in this thesis have mainly focused on the distribution of TEP and their relationships with phytoplankton and other microorganisms in natural environments (the oligo-mesotrophic Lake Pavin and the hypereutrophic reservoir of Grangent) and in limnetic enclosures (lake of Créteil). The intensity of bacterial colonization during spring in Lake Pavin was strongly related to temperature and decreased with particle size. The abundance of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) in this lake was more significantly related to the density of the particles than to the density of total bacteria and the intensity of bacterial colonization of TEP, suggesting that TEP is a more important factor for HNF development than attached and free bacteria. The abundance and the total surface area of the particles were significantly higher in the hypereutrophic Lake Grangent than in the mesotrophic Lake Pavin. Maximum TEP density in Lake Pavin was recorded during the spring diatom bloom, while TEP concentration peaked in late summer when the phytoplankton community was largely dominated by small-size chlorophytes with an abundant polysaccharide cell coating. In the hypereutrophic Lake Grangent,maximum values of TEP appeared during the summer development of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Per cell production of TEP, expressed by the ratio between TEP concentration and chlorophyll a concentration, was significantly higher in the less productive lake and the analysis of the size spectra of the particles indicated a greater proportion of small particles in this lake. TEP therefore appear as more significant for microbial development and aggregates formation in the less productive environment. Results from limnetic enclosures (either dominated by planktivorous fish or fishless) indicated that food-web structure strongly influences the distribution and size spectra of TEP. TEP abundances were related to chlorophyll a concentrations and the biomass of chlorophytes in the fish treatment. As expected by the trophic cascades theory, zooplankton had an indirect negative effect on TEP abundance. Our results suggest, however, that metazoan probably influence the formation and the size spectra of the particles in the fishless treatment. TEP must be regarded as a major part of the organic carbon which is transferred from the primary producers to the microbial food web and the sediments in freshwater ecosystems.