In this dissertation, advanced numerical methods for highly forward peaked scattering deterministic calculations are devised, implemented, and assessed. Since electrons interact with the surrounding environment through Coulomb interactions, the scattering kernel is highly forward-peaked. This bears the consequence that, with standard preconditioning, the standard Legendre expansion of the scattering kernel requires too many terms for the discretized equation to be solved efficiently using a deterministic method. The Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration (DSA), usually used to speed up the calculation when the scattering is weakly anisotropic, is inefficient for electron transport. This led Morel and Manteuffel to develop a one-dimensional angular multigrid (ANMG) which has proved to be very effective when the scattering is highly anisotropic. Later, Pautz et al. generalized this scheme to multidimensional geometries, but this method had to be stabilized by a diffusive filter that degrades the overall convergence of the iterative scheme. In this dissertation, we recast the multidimensional angular multigrid method without the filter as a preconditioner for a Krylov solver. This new method is stable independently of the anisotropy of the scattering and is increasingly more effective and efficient as the anisotropy increases compared to DSA preconditioning wrapped inside a Krylov solver. At the coarsest level of ANMG, a DSA step is needed. In this research, we use the Modified Interior Penalty (MIP) DSA. This DSA was shown to be always stable on triangular cells with isotropic scattering. Because this DSA discretization leads to symmetric definite-positive matrices, it is usually solved using a conjugate gradient preconditioned (CG) by SSOR but here, we show that algebraic multigrid methods are vastly superior than more common CG preconditioners such as SSOR. Another important part of this dissertation is dedicated to transport equation and diffusion solves on arbitrary polygonal meshes. The advantages of polygonal cells are that the number of unknowns needed to mesh a domain can be decreased and that adaptive mesh refinement implementation is simplified: rather than handling hanging nodes, the adapted computational mesh includes different types of polygons. Numerical examples are presented for arbitrary quadrilateral and polygonal grids.

With the rise of the knowledge economy and aging population, advanced industrial countries seek to address their skill shortage and promote national skill bases through highly skilled migration. As a result, recruiting international students, especially those at tertiary levels, has been integrated into national strategies to compete for global talent. In spite of the widely recognized significance of recruiting international students to a high skill economy, the uneven growth in foreign enrolments among host countries, geographically oriented source regions and destinations of the students, and limited post-graduate stay rates suggest important questions about governments commitment to attracting and retaining international students. A main purpose of this comparative study is to identify and assess specific national strategies and their goals of managing international student mobility. Changes in international student policies, in particular entry and immigration regulations, and the trends in student mobility in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom since the 1990s are examined drawing on secondary data. The results suggest that rather than strictly relying on market forces, nation states address and cope with the pressure point of skill upgrading in a strategic and political way. The management of international student mobility, among other national strategies aiming at a high skill society embraces a collective goal of national interest shaped by the political economy in each nation.

This qualitative research study explored the perceived experiences of doing science with an artistic spirit through the voices of living scientists who also engage in the arts. The purpose was to understand how accomplished scientists who engage in the arts make sense out of their experience of doing science and to gain the scientists’ perspectives on the context of their experience. Four highly able scientists (ages 31-61) with expertise in their field who also self-identified as actively engaged in the fine arts were given a voice on the following issues: 1) What are your perceived experiences of doing science? As such, what can we infer about the role of the arts in doing science? 2) Based on personal experiences, are there implications for the integration of the arts and sciences in education? Through hermeneutic phenomenological methodology using thematic analysis, four major themes emerged: 1) Risking Success in a Scientific Vocation; 2) Feeling Healthy through the Arts (Satisfying an Inner Drive; Coping in a Stressful World); 3) Gaining and Giving Different Perspectives through the Arts (Complementary Tools of Perception; Complementary Processes of Perception); 4) Feeling Connected to Something More through the Arts. Each theme alluded to some aspect of aesthetic experience or extracognition, emphasizing the role of the arts in attaining such experiences. Educational implications are discussed in light of aesthetic experience, extracognition, and also interdisciplinary education in today’s context of science education.

No description available.

This qualitative research study explored the perceived experiences of doing science with an artistic spirit through the voices of living scientists who also engage in the arts. The purpose was to understand how accomplished scientists who engage in the arts make sense out of their experience of doing science and to gain the scientists’ perspectives on the context of their experience. Four highly able scientists (ages 31-61) with expertise in their field who also self-identified as actively engaged in the fine arts were given a voice on the following issues: 1) What are your perceived experiences of doing science? As such, what can we infer about the role of the arts in doing science? 2) Based on personal experiences, are there implications for the integration of the arts and sciences in education? Through hermeneutic phenomenological methodology using thematic analysis, four major themes emerged: 1) Risking Success in a Scientific Vocation; 2) Feeling Healthy through the Arts (Satisfying an Inner Drive; Coping in a Stressful World); 3) Gaining and Giving Different Perspectives through the Arts (Complementary Tools of Perception; Complementary Processes of Perception); 4) Feeling Connected to Something More through the Arts. Each theme alluded to some aspect of aesthetic experience or extracognition, emphasizing the role of the arts in attaining such experiences. Educational implications are discussed in light of aesthetic experience, extracognition, and also interdisciplinary education in today’s context of science education.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-107). Also available on the World Wide Web.

The synthesis of amines bearing an adjacent quaternary stereocentre is challenging. Work within our group has demonstrated that the intramolecular transfer of an aryl group within a lithiated benzylic urea is possible. Subsequent cleavage of this urea moiety allows the synthesis of chiral aryl amines bearing quaternary stereocentres. This thesis details investigations into the lithiation of allylic and vinylic ureas. A sequential transformation of allyl ureas into diarylallyl ureas has been developed, a reaction that can be carried out enantioselectively using chiral lithium amides. Deprotection of the urea allows for the isolation of amines bearing highly substituted centres. It has been shown that the use of the acid-labile vinylic protecting groups allows the corresponding Cbz protected diarylallyl amines to be synthesised. Investigations have demonstrated that these analogues can be converted into otherwise synthetically challenging diarylglycine derivatives. During these investigations it has also been shown that carbolithiation of vinyl ureas is possible. The ureas formed from this tandem β-alkylation/α-arylation sequence can then be converted to their highly substituted amine counterparts in good yields. A range of allylic ureas has been investigated; their synthesis and reactivity upon lithiation are discussed within this thesis.

This qualitative research study explored the perceived experiences of doing science with an artistic spirit through the voices of living scientists who also engage in the arts. The purpose was to understand how accomplished scientists who engage in the arts make sense out of their experience of doing science and to gain the scientists’ perspectives on the context of their experience. Four highly able scientists (ages 31-61) with expertise in their field who also self-identified as actively engaged in the fine arts were given a voice on the following issues: 1) What are your perceived experiences of doing science? As such, what can we infer about the role of the arts in doing science? 2) Based on personal experiences, are there implications for the integration of the arts and sciences in education? Through hermeneutic phenomenological methodology using thematic analysis, four major themes emerged: 1) Risking Success in a Scientific Vocation; 2) Feeling Healthy through the Arts (Satisfying an Inner Drive; Coping in a Stressful World); 3) Gaining and Giving Different Perspectives through the Arts (Complementary Tools of Perception; Complementary Processes of Perception); 4) Feeling Connected to Something More through the Arts. Each theme alluded to some aspect of aesthetic experience or extracognition, emphasizing the role of the arts in attaining such experiences. Educational implications are discussed in light of aesthetic experience, extracognition, and also interdisciplinary education in today’s context of science education. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Purpose / Aim: To find out determinants affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients receiving free treatment from the wellness clinic at Bela Bela District Hospital in Limpopo province of South Africa. Objectives: To identify the determinants which affect the adherence to ART treatment among patients living with HIV and AIDS and to determine which of these determinants are significant predictors of adherence among HIV and AIDS patients. Methodology: a descriptive retrospective, quantitative research. Sampling: A population of 800 patients existing in the recording book was retrieved from the patients’ records at the wellness clinic. Out of 800 a sample of 260 was derived using a simple size calculator tool. Analysis: data were analysed by SPSS Windows Version 21.0. Descriptive statistics means and frequencies were calculated. Chi-Square tests were done in order to test the association between variables (such as age groups, gender, weight groups, regimens and WHO stages). Logistic regression was run to assess the effect of different determinants on the adherence to ART (e.g. viral load affected the adherence contrary to age, gender and others). Results: Female (65%) was more compliant to their male counterpart (35%). Most of the patients (47.3%) in the study belonged to the age group 21 to 35 years and only (2.7%) in the age group less or equal to 20 years. Most patients were categorised into WHO stage I (31.2%). Only 9.2% of the patients were categorised into WHO Stage IV. Most of the patients in group 2 (41.3%) had a weight between 40kgs and 54kgs and group 1 (4.2%) with patients whose weight was less than 40kgs. One of the patients has no record on weight. The majority of patients (44.2%) had CD4 count, less or equal to 100. Only 2.7% had CD4 count 300 and more. After 6 months of treatment, 37% of patients had CD4 count from 300 and above; 9.7% of the patients had CD4 countless than 200. For 136 (52.3%) of the patients in the sample the information on CD4 count at 6 xi months was missing. The majority of patients (72.7%) in the sample had low viral load and only (27.3%) of the patients had high viral load. Majority of patients (48.5%) were on New 1a Regimen instead of Regimen 1a (30.8%) because of the side effects the latter has on them. Some patients (11.2%) were on Regimen 1b, followed by patients (8.1%) on Regimen New 1b. The remaining patients were on Regimen 1c, Reg 2 and Truvada (1.6%). Findings: The majority of patients were young females; in the age-group of 21-35 years. This is reproductive age with many challenges: earlier exposed to infection, more vulnerable than males, stigmatisation, rape, fear of isolation. Majority of patients were in the WHO stage 1 and 2. The WHO stage does not depend on the level of CD4 count. It is important to consider the weight of the patient before to initiate the treatment. More than the half patients had a CD4 count required to start with ART. After 6 months they were more adherent. Most of them were on regimen Reg (New 1a) because of less side effects. The findings showed also different types of associations with some variables were significant determinants such as CD4 count had significant associations with gender, viral load, regimen, WHO staging, the p-value was lesser than 0.05. Conclusion: The results showed that viral load was the only determinant affecting adherence in the current study. The number of males in this study population was lower than females from the age group of less than 20 and age group of 21 to 35, and females than males in age group 36 to 50 and 51 or more. The lower infectivity of males is linked to the state of denial and not testing for HIV. The lower number in females can be due to their positive trends to the ART in their old age. The reasons for the low number need to be investigated. Awareness campaigns should be intentioned towards males. There should be publicity about the equality of both male and female genders.

This is an author-produced electronic version of an article accepted for publication in the British Journal of Psychiatry. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at http://bjp.rcpsych.org. / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19584号 / 医博第4091号 / 新制||医||1014(附属図書館) / 32620 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 小西 靖彦, 教授 村井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM