No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 498-518).

(in English) The aim of this thesis is to describe the language development of Hindī and Urdū from the same grammatical and lexical basis (the Kharī bolī dialect). The development divergence will be described in terms of both the historical development at different stages, which were conditioned by cultural and political influences, and the internal development (phonological, morphological and syntactical). The current linguistic situation is closely linked to the political development and language policy of India and Pakistan, where the two languages, Hindī and Urdū, are establishing themselves as official languages. The relationship between these two languages will be explored more deeply in sociolinguistic terms. The author will describe the conditions and circumstances of the use of languages on colloquial and literary levels.

This paper speculates about the origin of the overall use of the form iko in Inland Swahili. Its functional scope comprises predication, identification, location, existence, and association. In Standard Swahili, the primary function of iko is to express the locative relation of nouns belonging to noun class 4 or 9. For the expression of identification various other means are used. As Inland Swahili is mostly acquired as a second language it will be argued here that the functional expansion of iko might be due to the crosslinguistic influence of the first language. However, first languages, such as Maasai, exhibit a formal distinction between location and predication. A conceptual merger of both functions in the second language is more likely to occur when the first language contains only one obligatory copula expressing both concepts. This obligatory copula can be found in many Indo-European languages, e.g. English or Hindi. Until today Indians speaking Swahili are characterised by the frequent usage of iko, a fact which points to the view that the overall use of iko could be due to substrate influence of Hindi.