Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-53). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the Internet.

Rudbeckia hirta is a tender perennial or self-sowing annual which is becoming increasingly popular as a garden flower and a component of wildflower meadow mixes. It may also have -considerable potential for use as a potted crop. R. hirta has a defined juvenility period but preliminary unpublished results suggested that plants originating from different latitudes may possess unequal juvenile periods and exhibit dissimilar sensitivities to photoperiod. Seven R. hirta ecotypes originating from latitudes ranging from 30.l0oN to 45.l0oN were exposed to long days (LD) at different leaf numbers to determine juvenile phase length and speed of floral initiation. Ecotypes from northern latitudes had fewer leaves at maturity and, overall, there was a quadratic relationship between latitude of origin and number of days to first flower from start of LD. Once plants were mature, the speed of floral initiation and development also varied among ecotypes. / Master of Science

Usnea hirta and Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia are commonly used as bio-monitors of air quality. In order to more accurately and efficiently determine the distribution of these two sensitive indicator species, we have developed a probabilistic distribution map as a function of 9 macroclimatic and topographic variables for the White River National Forest, Colorado using Non-Parametric Multiplicative Regression (NPMR) analysis. Furthermore, we also developed a logistic regression (LR) model for X. cumberlandia in order to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the NPMR model. The best model for U. hirta included four variables - solar radiation, average monthly precipitation, average monthly minimum and maximum temperature (log β = 3.68). The presence rate for U. hirta based on field validated test sites was 45.5%, 65.4%, and 70.4% for low, medium, and high probability areas, respectively. The best model for X. cumberlandia generated by both NPMR and LR involved the same variables - solar radiation, average monthly maximum temperature, average monthly precipitation, and elevation as the best predictor variables (log β = 5.10). The occurrence rate for X. cumberlandia using the NPMR model was 32%, 44.4%, and 20% for the low, medium, and high probability areas respectively while the LR model had 26%, 50%, and 38% for low, medium and high probability areas respectively. Although the LR model predicted a smaller high probability area compared to the NPMR model there was substantial overlap between the two. The U. hirta model performed better than the X. cumberlandia model. The reduced performance of our model especially for X. cumberlandia may be due in part to the absence of field measured data in the development of the model. Our study also suggested that the northeast and western part of the forest should be preferentially considered for establishing future air quality bio-monitoring reference sites. Finally, in the future a well defined sampling design with sufficient sampling sites, field measured predictor variables, and microclimatic data should be used in the development of predictive models.

This study examined floral initiation in Rudbeckia hirta at the biochemical, cellular, and whole plant levels. Histological and histochemical examination of floral initiation revealed that the pattern of initiation followed closely that described in other species. The primary difference was in the length of time over which initiation and differentiation occurred. When subjected to limited inductive photoperiods, R. hirta responded with a delay in flowering if the plants were returned to short days (SD) before bract initiation. Increased exposure to long days (LD) increased stem height and enhanced floral development. A limited induction period of at least 8 LD allowed enough of the floral stimulus to be translocated to the meristem to cause no interruption in development even upon return to non-inductive conditions. An inhibition of development occurred only when plants were returned to SD before periclinal divisions in the pith rib meristem commenced after approximately 8 LD. Axillary bud development and final plant height were dependent on the number of inductive LD received. Polyamines have been linked to floral initiation and, in this study, were strongly correlated to the stage of floral initiation. As initiation progressed, the observed increases in putrescine and spermidine were followed by a decrease after 16 LD, the observed onset of floral development. This was contrary to that previously observed in SD plants but followed a pattern similar to that reported for cytokinin behavior. Exogenous cytokinins have been used to stimulate floral initiation in several species but Rudbeckia hirta did not respond to benzyladenine (BA) applied at the onset of LD. Floral initiation has been found to begin after six to eight LD and, in most species, BA was most effective when applied during initiation. In an attempt to increase uptake, BA was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This did not enhance the effects of BA and, in fact, DMSO was found to be toxic at concentrations of 25% or more. / Ph. D.

La ciguatéra, ichtyosarcotoxisme majoritairement rencontré dans la zone intertropicale, trouve son origine dans la consommation de poissons tropicaux contaminés par des neurotoxines marines, les ciguatoxines (CTXs). Ces polyéthers polycycliques synthétisés par les micro-algues du genre Gambierdiscus, se fixent de façon privilégiée aux canaux sodiques dépendant du potentiel. Cependant, ce seul mode d'action n'explique pas tous les symptômes observés dans la ciguatéra notamment les manifestations particulières de type inflammatoire. L'effet de deux toxines ciguatérigènes, la P-CTX-1B et la P-CTX-3C, ainsi que l'activité d'un analogue, la brévétoxine PbTx-3, sur la modulation des médiateurs de l'inflammation que sont les cytokines, a été caractérisé sur un modèle d'étude in vitro de cellules de macrophages murins RAW 264.7. Le suivi de l'expression génique au moyen de techniques de PCR quantitative a révélé que la P-CTX-1B est capable d'induire les cytokines pro-inflammatoires interleukine (IL)-1β, IL-6 et le Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, et l'anti-inflammatoire IL-10. Par ailleurs, alors que les traitements proposés par la médecine occidentale sont essentiellement symptomatiques, la médecine traditionnelle propose l'utilisation de nombreuses plantes dont certaines sont capables de réduire les effets des CTXs in vitro et in vivo. La nécessité d'enrichir l'arsenal thérapeutique de la ciguatéra ainsi que l'implication probable des mécanismes inflammatoires dans cette pathologie nous ont conduits à caractériser le potentiel anti-inflammatoire de quatre plantes parmi celles traditionnellement employées dans le Pacifique. Les effets d'extraits aqueux de Cerbera manghas, Euphorbia hirta, Heliotropium foertherianum et Vitex trifolia sur la cinétique de synthèse des ARNm ainsi que sur la production des protéines cytokiniques, ont été étudiés sur le modèle d'induction de macrophages murins stimulés par un lipopolysaccharide bactérien (LPS). Les résultats montrent que E. hirta et V. trifolia possèdent les activités anti-inflammatoires les plus intéressantes et cette dernière a été sélectionnée pour de plus amples tests. L'extrait aqueux de V. trifolia montre la capacité à inhiber les cytokines pro-inflammatoires IL-1β, IL-6 et TNF-α et à induire l'anti-inflammatoire IL-10 dépendant du LPS. La finalité du projet doit permettre l'étude de principes actifs isolés des plantes sélectionnées et les composés d'intérêt pourront être testés sur modèle animal avant d'être validés sur l'homme. Ainsi de nouveaux traitements thérapeutiques de la ciguatéra pourront-ils être proposés. Mots clés : ciguatéra, ciguatoxine, cytokine, PCR quantitative, ELISA, physiopathologie, remèdes traditionnels, Vitex trifolia, Euphorbia hirta, Cerbera manghas, Heliotropium foertherianum.

La ciguatéra est une intoxication liée à l'ingestion de poissons de récif corallien devenus toxiques par l'accumulation d'une ou plusieurs neurotoxines d'origine dinoflagellaire. Cet ichtyosarcotoxisme représente une des plus fréquentes formes d'intoxication dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales et se manifeste par une cohorte de symptômes complexes chez l'homme. La première partie de cette étude a consisté à mettre en évidence l'action de la CTX-1B du Pacifique (P-CTX-1B) sur la surproduction d'oxyde nitrique (NO) via la modulation de son enzyme de synthèse, la NO synthétase inductible (iNOS), impliquant ainsi pour la première fois ce mécanisme pathogénique inflammatoire dans la ciguatéra. La deuxième partie concerne les travaux de l'évaluation de potentiel thérapeutique d'une trentaine d'extraits de plantes. En effet, la médecine occidentale reste peu efficace et symptomatique pour traiter durablement les patients souffrant de ciguatéra. La troisième partie décrit la sélection de trois de ces plantes et les études phytochimiques menées. Ces travaux ont conduit à l'identification de trois molécules : la quercitrine, l'acide rosmarinique et l'agnuside. Cette thèse a abouti au dépôt d'un brevet sur l'activité détoxifiante de l'acide rosmarinique.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-240). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xv, 240 leaves ill., maps 29 cm