This thesis studies people’s sensory perceptions of historic architecture, exploring the physical triggers for such experience, and connecting these with what can and should be maintained through building conservation. Sensory design is a developing field in architecture. The research argues that this approach can inform people’s understanding of the architectural experience of historic buildings, which in current discourse are predominantly considered for their associated ‘cultural significances’. People’s affinity to (historic) buildings is initiated by a response through the senses. This research advocates that establishing the triggers for such sensory response should be the main focus of the initial assessment of a building for conservation. From the review of changing approaches to building conservation, and exploration of sensory perception and sensory design, the research concludes people’s experiential perceptions have not been structurally considered in the appraisal of historic buildings. The methodology entailed the empirical development of a suitable assessment format, through performing initial on-site surveys that generated data to be added to those of a final sensory assessment, covering three buildings. Buildings were assessed according to Gibson’s sensory systems of visual, auditory, haptic, olfactory/gustatory and orientational perception, as well as with a comprehensive multisensory focus. Evidence from the data retrieved through this research indicates that the sensory assessment is a useful, informative and exciting addition to any architectural survey in building conservation practice. Such rich information will provide guidance and clarity to decision processes, to assist in retaining the affinity as the building’s physical relevance for the future. The research makes an original contribution to knowledge through the combination of two areas of study; through the application of sensory perception to understand historic buildings; and, in demonstrating that a sensory assessment has true potential as a suitable approach to the issue in practice.

Thesis (MTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Historical interiors hold within them significance which provides us with cultural identity, as well as historical and aesthetic value, and their physical materials offer us a connection to the past. These interiors and their functions often become obsolete and need to acquire a new function that is more suited to our modern-day society. One such change in function which was identified to be steadily on the rise in Cape Town is the reappropriation of historical interiors into contemporary exhibition venues. It was noted that during this process many of these historical interiors end up as neutral contemporary white boxes, where the whole historical interior is replaced or concealed by a pristine white interior and this leads to a loss of its internal historical aesthetic value. To counter this and to retain the significant aesthetics of these interiors for ourselves and our future generations, heritage legislation offers a certain amount of protection through their respective guidelines and principles during adaptation. However, these guidelines do not offer concrete methods on the responsive adaptation of historical interiors into contemporary exhibition spaces. To address this problem and provide a substitute for the white box, alternative methods for the responsive adaptation of the historical interior into a contemporary exhibition space are highlighted and investigated. Through this investigation, this study aims to provide responsive approaches which interior designers may adopt during adaptation that respect, acknowledge and highlight the significance of the reappropriated space in the design of contemporary exhibition venues.

Thesis (MTech (Architectural Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / In the developed Western world, the need to preserve buildings, including industrial buildings, is well established, and the many charters that exist for guidance for preservation of the built environment point to the necessity of preservation. It can be posited that many of South Africa buildings with industrial architectural heritage are being lost either through neglect, obsolescence, demolition or vandalisation. At an international conference, David Worth, the sole South African representative for the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), stated that South Africa‟s industrial heritage has been neglected by the public, by professionals and academics, and by commercial and political interests. Läuferts and Mavunganidze make the point that South Africa continues to lag behind other countries in the preservation of and declaration of its industrial heritage. The purpose of this research was to investigate if adaptive reuse is a successful strategy to preserve industrial architectural heritage in South Africa. A further aim was to investigate whether adaptive reuse can be considered sustainable or „green‟ (in terms of the UN‟s sustainable development goals)

One hundred and seventy-eight pieces of Victorian furniture in six Texas historic house museums have been photographed and researched in order to fulfill the three-part problem. (1) to research and write descriptive essays of the four major Victorian substyles--Victorian Empire, Rococo Revival, Renaissance Revival, and Eastlake; (2) to identify and choose six Texas historic houses which are open to the public and which display these Victorian substyles in period room settings; and (3) to identify, photograph, measure, and catalogue each piece of authentic Victorian furniture, and to compile a research guide which includes each of these six houses and their Victorian furnishings. This six-part guide includes brief histories of each house and a catalogue of authentic pieces which represent the major substyles of Victorian furniture. To give the study a broad base, and to make it useful for all students, teachers, and professional interior designers in Texas, two houses which represented the best collections of furniture from each geographic location were chosen. These included: (1 ) from North Texas, the George House and Millermore, both in Dallas; (2) in Central Texas, East Terrace and Fort House, located in Waco; and (3) in South Texas, Fulton Mansion in Fulton Beach, and McNamara House in Victoria. All four of the most popular substyles are represented in the six houses.

In 1919, the federal government initiated a housing scheme to finance and construct war veterans' and low-cost homes during a period of severe housing shortages and economic recession immediately following the First World War. The Province of British Columbia participated extensively in the program under the auspices of the Better Housing Scheme Act. In Vancouver, the majority of the one hundred and fifty-three houses built under this initiative were modestly priced examples of the Craftsman bungalow. Although the federal housing guidelines defined the scheme's objectives as providing housing to those in greatest need, the choice of the Craftsman bungalow typology for the Vancouver model suggests otherwise. The Craftsman bungalow was appropriated for the Vancouver Better Housing Scheme for economic and ideological purposes, wedding economy and aesthetics with the government's desire to bring morality and family values to all classes through domestic architecture. The Scheme solicited the Arts and Crafts bungalow as its primary model in part because of its adaptability of materials: the Craftsman aesthetic emphasizing natural wood fit well into British Columbia's thriving lumber economy. Moreover, the modest, detached home set on a single lot interspersed in one of Vancouver's existing neighbourhoods bolstered the sagging real estate market, which had stagnated during the First World War, and ensured economic renewal. The Arts and Crafts inspired bungalow addressed notions of the traditional nuclear family with the husband and father as sole wage earner and the wife and mother as housekeeper. Through its plan and design and through its comprehensive marketing strategy, the bungalow reaffirmed the accepted roles of family members during the post-war period of economic recession, instability, and uncertainty with the past and the future. Through the Vancouver Better Housing Scheme, its proponents attempted to establish the detached, single family home as a national goal for everyone which would promote long term social stability and economic growth and recovery from the post-war depression. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Municipal Heritage Planning in Canada: A Profile of Ten Cities The need to conserve physical evidence of the past or "heritage", in a changing urban environment, has manifest itself in a new aspect to municipal planning. This thesis examines municipal heritage planning in Canada from the following perspectives: (a) the events leading to and comprising municipal involvement in its heritage; (b) the role of the heritage planner; (c) the tools available to municipalities for heritage preservation. Based on the premise that the appointment of the heritage planner is a significant point in the evolution of the planning profession and the conservation movement, the thesis focuses on those cities which have a heritage planner. A questionnaire was sent to sixteen cities where heritage activity was taking place. Ten of these qualified for inclusion in the analysis by virtue of having one or more Heritage Planners on staff. While the primary jurisdiction for the regulation of heritage property rests with the Provincial Government, the provinces have recently given municipalities the power to protect their own cultural resources through designation. These powers are rarely sufficient and have compelled municipalities to use other tools to achieve protection either with or without designation. These mechanisms can range from "soft" incentives which require little commitment from the municipality in terms of time and money spent (for example, moral suasion), to "harder" mechanisms such as outright purchase. The role of the Heritage Planner will continue to be the development and administration of these tools together with other heritage programs such as the Inventory and Evaluation of the city's cultural resources and the education of the public and private sectors about heritage preservation. A central conclusion of this thesis is that current municipal activity in heritage preservation is directed, in large part, towards ameliorating the negative economic consequences of heritage designation. More could be done by setting designation aside as a primary concern and using the existing tools at the municipality's disposal to encourage the private sector to undertake preservation activities. The opportunity for the Heritage Planner rests in using these tools and developing new ones. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The City of Vancouver has led North American cities in commemorating Modern heritage. In 1990, City of Vancouver planners initiated the Recent Landmarks study, thus launching a progressive, specialized program aimed at documenting and conserving the city's post-war architecture. While this program has raised awareness and catalogued a large stock of Modern resources, few of the identified buildings have been protected with legal heritage designation. Thus it seemed appropriate to explore Vancouver's Recent Landmarks program in this thesis and assemble comparative information (from other jurisdictions) against which to measure it. Thus the primary purpose of this thesis is to point to contemporary heritage conservation initiatives and programs in North America that are specifically concerned with twentieth-century buildings, in order to inform heritage planning in Vancouver. The secondary purpose is to amplify current efforts to broaden and redefine the notion of structural heritage to include twentieth-century work. This thesis surveyed representatives (i.e. civic planning or cultural/landmark Department staff, and representatives of local chapters of DOCOMOMO, the international organization formed to document and conserve the works of the Modern movement) in Toronto, Victoria, New York, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. The results of the thesis show that by 1999, all but one of the five surveyed North American municipalities had addressed the issue of Modern heritage. However none of the consulted cities had developed distinct programs to address this resource. For example, while several cities reported listing Modern buildings on their heritage inventories, none of the municipalities canvassed reported the development of studies or inventories that were focused on post-war landmarks. Thus from this information, it appears that the Recent Landmarks initiative in Vancouver remains quite exceptional. This program has identified several (and spurred the designation of some) significant Modern buildings, stimulated the creation of reports and studies, and made strong attempts to engage the public. In sum, the results gleaned from this thesis survey show that the Recent Landmarks initiative remains a leader in the specialized realm of heritage conservation for Modern architecture, and that many North American cities have yet to match Vancouver's efforts. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis will investigate the spatial location of stone houses and the areal differentiation of several characteristics of stone houses in selected communities. Some differences in cultural and historical factors and in types of building stone, quarries and quarrying techniques will be studied. The thesis will also investigate why stone houses are still in existence and things that owners, residents, and others like and dislike about them.

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The hygrothermal analysis of building envelopes plays a crucial role in the renovation strategies for historical buildings. Dynamical hygrothermal simulations under realistic conditions are effective in predicting moisture-related damages, including the risk of mold growth or frost damage, which can arise when combining historical walls with modern insulation systems. However, accurately modeling and simulating historic walls, composed of brick/stone and mortar joints, using detailed two- or three-dimensional models, is a complex and time-consuming task. As a result, a common practice in hygrothermal simulations is to simplify old masonry into a one-dimensional layer of stone/brick, disregarding mortar joints. Nonetheless, in this study cases were identified where this simplification approach leads to unacceptable inaccuracies, particularly when historic masonry is combined with vapor-tight insulation systems. Also, this study investigated the influence of the internal geometry of mortar joints and the stone/mortar ratio in hygrothermal simulations. While the internal disposition of joints showed minimal influence, the stone/mortar ratio was found to play a significant role. In light of these findings, this thesis proposes a method to replace the complex representation of historical masonry with a fictitious homogenized porous material that incorporates the influence of mortar joints. The hygrothermal properties of this newly developed ‘Homogenized Porous Material’ are averaged and optimized to closely approximate the behavior of the hygrothermal model for important applications. The proposed method was applied to various combinations of mortars, stones, and bricks. Furthermore, the behavior of the ‘Homogenized Porous Material’ was evaluated under dynamic conditions, specifically for the case of an internally insulated wall in different climates. A comparison was made with a two-dimensional fully described model to assess the performance of the developed method. The results demonstrate considerable improvements compared to the conventional one-dimensional stone/brick layer approximation, with the degree of improvement being more pronounced when the hygrothermal properties of the stone/brick and mortar differ significantly. The developed method offers significant advantages: for example, the application to 3D building energy simulation tools which entangle moisture balances, allows for quick pre-checks for moisture damage. This can help pre-assessing the potential risks of moisture-related issues in a time-efficient manner also at building component level. Moreover, in time-critical studies where a large number of variant analyses are required, 1D models remain essential as they allow for efficient sensitivity analyses with a large number of simulations runs. This method facilitates a comprehensive exploration of different scenarios and parameter variations, aiding in the identification of critical factors affecting the hygrothermal performance of historic walls. Furthermore, the developed method has potential applications in situations where the inner structure of walls is unknown, such as forensic analysis of historical constructions. By providing a reliable and simplified representation of the hygrothermal behavior, this method can support investigations and assessments of moisture-related issues in historical buildings, even when detailed knowledge of the internal structure is limited. In conclusion, this research can offer to architects and engineers practical benefits in terms of accurate prediction of moisture-related damages, efficient pre-checks, sensitivity analyses, and applications in cases with limited knowledge of wall structures. In future, an extended database of ‘Homogenized Porous Materials’, suitable to model masonry walls, can be built for the users.:Preface Abstract Kurzfassung Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction and overview 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Thesis 1.4 Solution strategy and methodology 1.5 Structure of the study Chapter 2 - Literature background 2.1 General concepts concerning historical masonry 2.2 Theory and tool for hygrothermal simulations 2.2.1 Balance equation of energy and mass for the porous medium 2.2.2 Flux of energy and mass for the porous medium 2.2.3 Climate and boundary conditions Incident wind-driven rain Radiation, short-wave and long-wave Interior climate 2.3 Main hygrothermal properties of materials and experimental measurement procedures 2.3.1 Bulk density and porosity: helium pycnometer 2.3.2 Specific heat capacity: calorimeter 2.3.3 Thermal conductivity: the hot plate measurement 2.3.4 Vapour conductivity: the cup-tests 2.3.5 Moisture storage function: desiccator method and pressure plates 2.3.6 Liquid conductivity: water uptake and drying experiment 2.3.7 Vapor and liquid conductivity function: capillary condensation redistribution test (CCR) 2.4 Complexity and simplification for the hygrothermal modeling and simulation of historical masonry Chapter 3 - Quantifying the Impact of Mortar Joints in Hygrothermal Simulations of Historical Masonry 3.1 Investigation through dynamical hygrothermal simulation in realistic condition 3.2 Evidence of mortar joints’ impact in hygrothermal simulations of historic walls 3.3 Dependence of the hygrothermal transport of a masonry wall on its internal geometry 3.4 Discrepancies due to assumptions on stone/mortar ratio 3.5 The case of a three-dimensional simulation Chapter 4 - A fictitious ‘Homogenized Porous Material’ (HPM) to describe heat and moisture transport in a massive historic wall 4.1 Definition of the preliminary activities: choice of the reference model and of the materials 4.2 Homogenized porous material characterization 4.2.1 Phase 1: hygrothermal properties through analytical calculation Bulk density, ρ Porosity, θpor Specific heat capacity, Cp Moisture storage function, θl,HPMpc 4.2.2 Phase 2: hygrothermal properties through numerical experiment Dry Thermal conductivity, λdry Thermal conductivity function, λ(θl) Dry water vapour resistance factor, μdry Water vapour conductivity function, Kv(θl) 4.2.3 Phase 3: hygrothermal properties through optimization algorithm 4.3 Conclusions on the developed method Chapter 5 - Application of the ‘Homogenized Porous Material’ (HPM) method 5.1 Preliminary activities and reading instructions 5.2 Homogenized Porous Material characterizations in three phases 5.3 Dynamical hygrothermal simulation in realistic condition with Homogenized Porous Materials 5.3.1 Simulations set-up 5.3.2 Analyzed Output 5.3.3 Result of the simulation in realistic design condition with Interior Insulation 5.4 Discussion on the obtained results 5.4.1 Discussion on HPM calibration results 5.4.2 Discussion on HPM dynamical hygrothermal simulation in realistic condition 5.5 Conclusions on the tests Chapter 6 - Summary, conclusions and outlooks 6.1 Content summary 6.2 Achievements and conclusions 6.3 Future prospects Appendix I List of Figures (Appendix I) List of Tables (Appendix I) Appendix II List of Figures (Appendix II) Appendix III List of figure (Appendix III) List of Tables (Appendix III) List of Abbreviations and Symbols List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Bibliography