Includes abstract. / This dissertation sets out to demonstrate how a group doubly situated on the margins, as Jewish and female, helped to build the larger community of South African Jewry and contributed to the wider South African society. The investigation is rooted in the transformation wrought in Jewish communities worldwide in the nineteenth and twentieth century through emancipation, assimilation, immigration, acculturation, and Zionism. The discussion is divided into three sections, of which the first two constitute a description of the normative experience of Jewish women, the majority of whom were first and second generation immigrants from eastern Europe. Entitled "Setting up house", the first section opens with their migration, their establishment of immigrant neighbourhoods, and the perpetuation of their close knit communities through bonds of marriage. Entitled "Beyond hearth and home", the second section explores how the period, 1880- 1939, that witnessed dramatic changes in women's status worldwide - through education, the workplace and the attainment of the vote - resonated among South African Jewish women. It will show that while pursuing a career beyond marriage was exceptional, participation on the Jewish communal scene, whether in the welfare societies or in the Zionist movement was normative, and by the end of the period women had wrested control of their organisations from the men. In contrast to the normative experiences described in the first two sections, the third section, "Varieties of integration: case studies of extraordinary women", that is divided between the fields of "Politics" and "Culture", compares and contrasts the lives of women, who by virtue of education, career, lifestyle, political or cultural orientation, did not conform to the norm. These female iconoclasts accentuate what is considered to be normative in the South African Jewish community, whether it be the traditional family, the identification with the English language community, or passive conformity to the existing racial status quo. The dissertation will show that these idealistic and driven women were frequently the most far sighted, and their contributions to the political and cultural life of South Africa in retrospect, take on much greater significance.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 230-276). / This thesis explores how the interconnections between people, the economy and the environment shaped livelihoods in the wetlands of Chobe and Ngamiland from c.1870 to the recent past. Beginning in the 1870s with the arrival of European hunters and traders and the Declaration of the Bechuanaland Protectorate in 1885, the economic and social change among the peoples of this region are explored. It tracks the efforts of the colonial government to eradicate disease and establish the foundations of a cattle industry in this ecologically sensitive and economically marginal area leading up to independence in 1966. Then it examines the articulation of development strategies on the part of the independent government of Botswana and their application to the challenges of economic upliftment in the region of the north western wetlands.

This thesis examines the historical evolution of the beef industry in colonial Zimbabwe in the period between 1939-1980 with special reference to the role of the State. It analyses how the State's statutory marketing and pricing policies helped to develop the industry from its infancy to a stage where it became not just a major food producer but also an important earner of foreign currency for the country. Three major objectives inspired this study: first, to fill in a yawning gap in the post-war colonial economic, social and political historiography of Zimbabwe and to highlight the centrality of cattle to this; secondly, to make a contribution to the history of the country's food industry and, thirdly, to critically examine how the development of the beef industry affected the economic, social and political well-being of both Africans and white settlers and their relations with the State during what was, arguably the most eventful period in the country's colonial history. The thesis is divided into six chapters, all of which follow the known chronological contours of colonial Zimbabwean historiography, i.e. the period before the Second World War, 1890-1938; Second World War, 1939-1945; Post-war years, 1946-1953; Federal period, 1954-1964; UDI and the Second Chimurenga, 1965-1980. Chapter One gives a historical background to the whole study and analyses the origins, growth and factors which governed the development of the beef industry since the establishment of colonialism in the 1980's up to 1938. Chapter Two examines the impact of the Second World War on the beef industry's development, while Chapter Three examines the economic impact of post-war economic growth on the industry's capacity to satisfy increased domestic demand for beef. Chapter Four explores the strengths and weaknesses of Federal State policy in enabling the country to achieve self-sufficiency in beef. Chapter Five explores the impact of economic sanctions and the process of agrarian diversification on the industry's development during the first six years of UDI. Chapter Six is the last one in this study and examines the economic impact of the Second Chimurenga or War of Liberation on the industry from 1972- 1980.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-288). / This dissertation examines the history of its evolution with particular reference to regional development and planning. Regional and local development and planning practices emerged, offering possibilities for more efficient resource allocative arrangements that distinguished not only between sectors, but also provided the promise of its inter-relationship and urban and rural dimensions.

The Public Library in Cape Town was founded in the earliest days of British civil rule in Southern Africa, as a Government-funded free library of reference with the purpose of educating and enculturating the 'youth' of the Cape Colony along European (especially English) lines. Government funding being withdrawn in 1829, the Library became an autonomous subscription library while continuing to provide access to its reference collections free of charge. During the ensuing 125 years the Library (known as the South African (Public) Library) becameincreasingly dependenton Government financial aid to provide certain 'national' functions. By 1954 it was the pre-eminent research library in sub-Saharan Africa and enjoyed total autonomy within the limits of its 1893 Act of the former Cape Colonial Parliament. This study follows the transformation of the South African Library into a Stateaided national library after it had divested itself of its local circulating services in 1955 and its subsequent existence with limited autonomy and increasing financial difficulties. During the transformation process, the National Party came into office in 1948 and introduced its authoritarian, centralizing style of administration. Many of the new Government's policies conflicted with the ethos and practices of the South African Library, particularly the promotion ofWhite Afrikaner culture in the place of the Library's generally White Anglophile culture, and the implementation of racial policies in the place of the Library's non-racialism. By the time the implications of National Party 'apartheid' policies became evident, it was too late for the Library to revert to its previous state. The scope of this administrative history of the Library in this era is limited to an analysis of themes which illuminate the relationship between the State, the Library, the Library's users, and the library profession at large during the development and eventual downfall in 1994 of National Party rule. The central themes are the Library's struggle to retain maximum professional autonomy in the context of its almost total dependence upon the State for its funding; the degree of State funding being determined by Government's perception of the Library's legitimacy and contribution to its policy priorities. Despite providing distinguished services to research (both formal and informal), especially in the humanities, and having perhaps the best collection in the country of published and manuscript material relating to Southern Africa, the South African Library was unable to attract the funding needed to sustain its rapidly growing collections and overwhelming amount of use. When the National Party left office in 1994, the Library was already on the point of financial collapse, and the incoming African National Congress Government had more pressing priorities. The South African Library failed, and in 1999, together with the State Library in Pretoria (which was itself in difficulties), became part of the National Library of South Africa in a development which, fifteen years later, must still be considered a compromise. Since the author considers the two-site compromise to be unsustainable, the study concludes with a review of various proposals which were put forward by library professionals between 1955 and 1994 which may profitably be revisited. The research was based on documentary records in the extensive administrative archive of the South African Library. This has been supplemented from published sources and recollections of the author and former colleagues.

On the suggestion that something be written on Abe Bailey, the first question to pass through my mind was, who on earth is Abe Bailey anyway? The name sounded reasonably familiar, and indeed is. For most people, the name 'Bailey' is associated with the Abe Bailey Institute of Inter-Racial .Studies (now called. 'Centre for Inter-Group Studies') and the Abe Bailey Bursary, the latter being a grant to help university students finance their studies. But, it is probably true to say that not much more is known about this man which in his own way, contributed so much to South Africa in such a variety of fields and who left behind him such a rich legacy for the country of his birth, South Africa. This research paper deals exclusively with the life and achievements of Sir Abe Bailey. As there is, to date, no official biography on him, the contents of this work have had to be gleaned from a wide variety of source material, ranging from Government and press publications on the one hand to personal interviews and private correspondence of contemporary figures on the other. Where possible, the information gained has been verified, but, inevitably, time has militated against a closer critique regarding the validity of some of the opinions expressed by other writers on the personality and impact of Bailey.

This local history focusses on Cape Town's black African population, the development 'Native' (later 'Bantu') policy, as well as the escalating organised resistance which arose in response. The study relies as far as possible on archival sources to disaggregate these themes. On this basis, it provides a detailed analysis of the evolution of policy with regard to influx control, squatter control and residential segregation in the local context. Escalating resistance is discussed in a similarly-nuanced focussing particularly on mounting tensions between the pragmatic 'united frontists' of the Communist Party and the progressive wing of the local ANC, and 'principled' political opponents to the left and the right. Considerable continuity in 'Native Policy' is revealed over what used to be seen as the great divide of 1948, when segregation was supposed suddenly to have given way to something qualitatively different named apartheid. The regionally-specific policy of 'Coloured Labour Preference' is shown to have been, in practice, nothing but empty rhetoric employed in a failed attempt to justify a cruel policy aimed at safeguarding the racial exclusivity of the franchise, while at the same time providing cheap and tractable labour. The thesis calls into question a common assumption that class-concepts best explain changing patterns of resistance in the urban areas of South Africa. Ideological and strategic tensions, irreducible to class-differences are shown to have played a significant role in retarding the struggle for national liberation.

Tristan da Cunha, a small island in the South Atlantic, is perhaps best known today as the remotest inhabited island in the world. Historical scholarship relating to the island has either focused on its supposed insularity, or has completely elided it in the broader thematic and theoretical studies that often dominate scholarship of the Atlantic world. By placing Tristan da Cunha and metropolitan Britain together within the same analytic field and using an interdisciplinary approach, this work traces metropolitan representations of the island from c.1811-c.1940. Part One traces the ways in which Tristan da Cunha was drawn into the European geographic imagination as well as the economic networks and channels of global circulation during the era of mercantile capitalism. This process saw the island framed as a Romantic English rural idyll displaced into the South Atlantic, and resulted in a metonymic linkage being created between the island body and the bodies that inhabited it. The shift from mercantile capitalism to industrial capitalism and the rise of modernity in the metropole led to (re)negotiations regarding who formed part of the social body of the metropole and Part Two traces the impact of this shift on the island body(ies) of Tristan da Cunha. The (re)negotiation and (re)constitution of the island body(ies) as a result of new metropolitan optics and debates regarding race, degeneration, social belonging, and bourgeois norms resulted in the increasing nativisation and concurrent racialisation of the islanders in metropolitan representations. The island bodies became both coloniser and colonised, Briton and nativised other, Anglo-Saxon and racialised other. These discourses - the island as Romantic English rural idyll, or as isolated, degenerating and inhabited by nativised others - would coexist from the turn of the nineteenth century. They sometimes cut across one another, at other times they reinforced one another, only to diverge and then cut across one another once again. This work unpacks the polyphonic and often contradictory registers of race and Englishness in these metropolitan representations. At the same time it unsettles and attempts to reconstitute the dominant lenses through which the island has previously been analysed.

Includes bibliographical references. / This thesis, the first of its kind on liberation historiography, seeks to put the liberation movements archives housed at the University of Fort Hare in context. The thesis focuses mainly on the 1990s, when the repatriation of struggle material by Fort Hare working hand in glove with the liberation movements, mainly the African National Congress ANC), the Pan Africanist Congress(PAC) and the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), was at its height.

In 1657 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) released fourteen employees from its service who settled as free burghers at the Cape of Good Hope. By 1795 their number had grown to almost fifteen thousand. The original free burghers shared the same sociocultural background and were uniformly poor. Yet in the course of the eighteenth century they developed into a stratified society with a clearly identifiable elite. Hitherto this development had been ascribed to capital accumulation in the form of land and slaves, with a focus on the settled arable farmers. This thesis challenges these arguments by applying the theoretical concept of entrepreneurship to the history of the 198 individuals who served as alcohol pachters (lease holders) in Cape Town between 1680 and 1795. The thesis argues that a study of their economic and social activities leads to greater conceptual clarity and a better understanding of the way in which social mobility operated. This study reveals how intertwined economic success was with social factors; and traces the changing uses and functions of kinship and social capital in VOC Cape Town. It demonstrates the importance of the urban free burghers to the Cape economy and the ways in which this group was linked to the rural free burghers. The first chapter treats the origins and operation of the alcohol pacht (lease) system and its contribution to the Cape economy. This is followed by a prosopographical analysis of all 198 of the alcohol pachters. Chapter three presents the biography of Hendrik Oostwald Eksteen as a vehicle with which to present the theoretical concepts attended on entrepreneurship, which are employed in the rest of the thesis. Chapter four illustrates the importance of social capital and kinship to what was still a largely immigrant society in the 1730s, while chapter five traces the changes which had occurred by the 1770s. These two chapters also demonstrate the ways in which the urban and rural elites coalesced over time. The final chapter shows to what extent the economic success of pachters was translated into other forms of power.