This study explores the major factors contributing to the exodus of the Cuban middle class from 1961 to 1968. For the purpose of this study, the heterogeneous middle class is broken up into middle-class students, professionals, and businessmen. Each of these groups had slightly different values and motivations, yet large percentages of each left Cuba as the revolution radicalized, changing economic, political and social life for all Cubans. In explaining this phenomenon, this paper follows the relationship between Cuba and the United States, focusing particularly on the conflictive dialogue that emerged between Fidel Castro and the US presidents of the 1960âs. In addition, the role of each government in facilitating the exodus must be considered, necessitating attention to US special treatment toward Cuban immigrants. Ultimately, this study asserts that various radicalizations in revolutionary Cuba from the declaration of socialism in April 1961 to the final revolutionary offensive of 1968 pushed the middle class to the United States. Unlike the middles classes of 1940s Costa Rica and Guatemala, they chose to leave in order to retain their standard of living rather than to sacrifice in order for the lower classes to benefit.

This thesis explores the intersection of Civil War memory and the history of conservative politics in the New South through two critical phases and its historiographic context. Phase one examines the partisan constructs of guerrilla honor, defeat, and extra-legal violence presented in Noted Guerrillas, Or, The Warfare of the Border (1877) by fire-eating Democratic newspaperman John Newman Edwards. Through his creation of âguerrilla memory,â Edwards kindled a significant counter-narrative to traditional strands of early-Lost Cause mythology. More importantly, by harnessing class-based bushwhacker imagery and violence, Edwards expanded the socio-economic reach of the conservative Lost Cause and adjoined a newly important political function to social memory during Reconstruction. Phase two addresses broader concepts of race, gender, citizenship, and commemoration by tracing how guerrilla memory and its bushwhackers-turned-authors adapted to shifting standards of conservatism in the New South and attempted to situate themselves snugly within its elite ranks. While highlighting how turn-of-the-century bushwhacker memoirs adapted to increasingly powerful women, subsequent wars, and changing racial attitudes, practical light is also shed on the fundamental processes of memory itselfâthat is, the theoretical means by which strains of memory are created, updated, and even destroyed. Finally, this thesis includes a sweeping historiographic analysis of guerrilla memory; how historians and propagandists waged a partisan struggle over the memory of William C. Quantrill as an avenue to controlling guerrilla memory as a whole; and how the fallout from this debate shapedâfor better and worseâthe study of Confederate guerrillas for decades. In the process of surveying these sources, methodological conclusions regarding the treatment of primary materials, allegedly âtaintedâ by the forces of social memory, are also addressed and put to rest. Overall, âPolitics of the Black Flag: Guerrilla Memory and Southern Conservatism in the New Southâ seeks to illuminate that deeper understanding of the ways in which southern conservatism has been remembered will, in turn, lead to equally better understanding of the forces and environment that shaped it.

During the late Republic and early Empire, many Roman citizens emphasized their personal fertility and were concerned with increasing the citizen birthrate. The continuation of individual families, as well as the security of the Roman state and economy relied upon the existence of a stable population. Literary, medical, documentary and legal sources show a variety of political and social means that were employed by men and women of all classes to promote fertility. These means included legislation as well as an emphasis on the non-use of abortion. Medicine also played a role in increasing conception rates, through the involvement of physicians and reliance upon folk medicine. This research shows the critical importance of motherhood to Roman society during this period, and raises questions about the impact that the desire for fertility had upon Roman society.

AMLEY, HOLLIS MARIE. The Evolution of Criticism on Jean-François Millet. (Under the direction of Keith Luria.) The nineteenth-century French painter Jean-François Millet?s social context, compositional style, and rustic subject matter invite a wide variety of interpretations of his art. To his biographer and contemporary Alfred Sensier, the rustic canvases were the work of a stoic ?peasant painter,? removed from the political controversies of his day. To the Marxist art historian T. J. Clark, on the other hand, Millet?s paintings interacted with and challenged the dominant values and institutions of the Second Republic. To the social art historian Robert Herbert, the paintings reveal the artist?s response to urban-industrial change and his Parisian exodus. In presenting these three formative readings of Millet?s canvases, this thesis demonstrates how each particular writer?s vantage point in history affected both his methodology and vision of the artist?s identity. The criticism on Millet shows not merely a series of antithetical, isolated opinions, but a kind of evolution, one that has gradually come to include both the artist and the society in which he worked.

The purpose of this research has been to reassess the dating and iconography of a Roman period mummy shroud entitled, Mummy Portrait of a Young Man from the Fayum, in the collection of the North Carolina Museum of Art. This reevaluation benefited greatly from the recent international scholarship and museum exhibitions done on mummy portraits from Roman Egypt in the past few years. The research for the North Carolina shroud involved analyzing, in detail, the unique symbolic arrangement depicted on the shroud by evaluating each of the object?s four registers individually as well as assessing the composition as a whole. This research found that the symbolic content of the shroud, as a whole, possesses a cohesive iconographical message. The registers of the shroud depict the individual, his mummification, revivification, and subsequent rebirth into an afterlife, if read from top to bottom. Further, this research has concluded that the numerous symbols on the shroud support this ritual transformation as well as point to its relationship with the Isiac or Serapion mystery cult. The fourth century date of this shroud has been redated to the third century and the stylistic features of the shroud?s design point to an Er-Rubayat provenance. It is hoped that this research will benefit the North Carolina Museum of Art, and enter this mummy shroud into the on-going international scholarship on mummy portraits from Roman Egypt.

The focus of this work is an exploration of the potential impact of the economic necessities of crusading on the usury prohibition of the Latin Church. Throughout the twelfth-century, one sees an amplified rhetoric and an increasing intolerance of lending at interest. The question remains as to why, especially in a period of corresponding commercial growth. The protection of combatants became an area of critical importance, as highlighted by the canonical legislation of the period. Property protection, the continuance of fair market practices, and the extended policy of limiting trade with the Saracens each played a crucial role in the enforcement of usury statues. It also inspired a sense of "Christian Universalism" that was significant to the crusading movement.

This thesis will examine the triumph over anthrax that never really happened. In the history of diseases and medicine, Triumphalism or the triumphal story is a common genre of historical writing. At first glance, it may seem as if the standard triumphal story applies to the history of anthrax. Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, the heroes of bacteriology, made their major discoveries in anthrax in the 1870s and 1880s. Then, John Henry Bell?s work in the Bradford wool mills in England created a practical application of Koch and Pasteur?s findings. Bell makes his recommendations to the British government, and the story is over. The disease is understood, and thus there is a medical standard to follow. But it is doubtful that there will be very many more cases because science and medicine have solved the problem. Unfortunately, this narrative is just too simple, and in this thesis, I will show how anthrax does not fit into the mold of a triumphal story and is, instead, a story about an industrial disease from the beginning using outbreaks and legislation that manifested after Koch, Pasteur, and Bell made their breakthroughs in the 1880s.

Between the late 1830s and the 1860s, over 350,000 men, women, and children traveled overland along the Oregon and California Trails to the American West. Using primary sources including narratives, diaries, journals, reports, and letters, one discovers that obtaining food was perhaps the most critical concern for westward migrants. That overlanders and their animals had to eat is nothing new or alarming, but their need for food did carry many unexpected implications. Food connected migrants to the land, and in turn the land connected people to each other through competition over resources such as water, grass, and timber. Through their primary role as cooks, womenâs experiences of the trail centered around the preparation of food. Native Americans and white migrants interacted peaceably by sharing or trading food, while competition over natural resources at the same time strained relations and devastated many western tribes whose land was ravaged by the train of migrants. Food influenced the timing and routes of travel, the health and mood of travelers, and the economic and physical status of settlers upon arrival in the West. The overlandersâ need for nourishment serves as the framework for understanding how provisions helped determine the overall experience of westward travel and reveals that food shaped mid-nineteenth-century westward migration.

The purpose of this study is to discuss why and how Margaret Jarman Hagood?s 1939 monograph, Mothers of the South: Portraiture of the White Tenant Farm Woman, was a unique contribution to the sociological and documentary study of the rural white woman in the South during the Great Depression. Hagood?s work represents a lasting document of how these women experienced the poverty of the South during the 1930s. Mothers of the South is also part of a larger intellectual and aesthetic movement during the period known as documentary. Her work is compared and contrasted with a selection of its predecessors along with how her work was unique in its focus on rural white mothers.

This thesis studies the relationship between the United States and Haiti during the dictatorship of Dr. Francois ?Papa Doc? Duvalier. In the wake of the Cuban revolution, the United States attempted to change its foreign policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. In order to prevent social upheavals that increased the probability of communist revolution in Latin America and the Caribbean, the United States tried to move away from its policy of supporting dictatorships and toward an anti-dictatorship policy that encouraged US-backed economic development and mutual hemispheric cooperation. Nevertheless, the primary goal of US foreign policy in Latin America and the Caribbean remained preventing the spread of communism. Because the United States so doggedly pursued its anticommunist policy over its anti-dictatorship policy, it found it extremely difficult to exert influence on countries with harsh dictatorial governments. In Papa Doc?s Haiti, the United States consistently failed in its efforts to operate an economic development program, peacefully push Duvalier from power, or influence him to reform his dictatorial policies. Because Duvalier efficiently and brutally suppressed all political opposition to his regime, there existed no one in or out of Haiti whom the United States trusted to replace him. As such, fearing that removing Duvalier from power would lead to anarchy (and possibly communist revolution) in Haiti, the United States felt it had no choice but to maintain relations with him. The United States? relationship with Duvalier exposed the flaws of its Latin American policy. Namely, that economic assistance did not grant the United States a significant degree of political influence in countries receiving aid, and that economic development projects were useless if the money never reached the people for whom it was meant. Moreover, so long as the United States treated the Caribbean as a Cold War battlefield, its anxiety about the spread of communism through the region made it virtually impossible to pursue an anti-dictatorship foreign policy.