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Awareness and perceptions of HIV/Aids preventive strategies among students of Universities of Zululand and Ado-EkitiKolawole, Ibidayo Ebun January 2010 (has links)
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education at the University of Zululand, 2010. / This study sets out to establish the level of awareness and perception of preventive
strategies against HIV/AIDS in two African Universities, Zululand (South Africa) and Ado-Ekiti (Nigeria). Responses to a questionnaire set out in nine sections (125 items) from one
thousand four hundred and sixty participants (604 from UNAD; 856 from UNIZULU) were
analysed for their socio-demography, sexual activities, awareness, assessment of factors
that support spread of HIV/AIDS on campus, risk assessment of students, knowledge of HIV
transmission and protection, and perception of preventive strategies. One section also
covered the assessment of institutional programmes on HIV/AIDS.
The socio-demography revealed that though the two institutions are located in relatively
rural/remote places, the socio-economic status were completely different. While UNIZULU
respondents were predominantly from rural areas, and from poor families, UNAD
respondents were predominantly from middle/high class homes drawn from cities and big
towns.
The pattern of their sexual activities was also different. While a small, but higher,
percentage of UNAD’s respondents have been sexually active from elementary schools, the
majority of respondents from UNIZULU have been sexually active from high school with a
large proportion being single parents. Most of UNAD’s respondents became sexually active
in the university although a small percentage was sexually active when they were in the
primary school.
Institutional support was much better at UNIZULU though both institutions enjoyed
adequate awareness of HIV. However, UNIZULU has facilities for testing and counselling, which was not available at UNAD. UNAD respondents did not have adequate access to male
condoms whereas UNIZULU did, but both institutions did not have adequate access to
female condoms.
Core risk factors common to both institutions are irregular and inconsistent use of condoms,
not knowing the HIV status of their partners and of themselves, multiple and concurrent
sexual activities, intergenerational relationships cloaked in sex-for-money or favour trade,
and having sex under the influence of alcohol or drug. While risky sexual activities were
driven mainly by gender, and to a smaller proportion by marital status, number of children,
where grown up and family resources, the factors that drive risk at UNIZULU were more
complex and included gender, age, marital status, number of children and level of study.
Indeed there was evidence that UNIZULU respondents appeared to be more sexually risky as the level of study increased while UNAD’s appeared to be less risky.
Recommendations are put forward for the possible use results of this study could be put to make African university campuses sexually safe. / the University of Zululand
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Living Learning Space: Recognizing Public Pedagogy in a Small Town AIDS Service OrganizationHastings, COLIN 20 September 2013 (has links)
In the early days of HIV/AIDS in North America, those most directly affected by the crisis created a social movement to respond to the virus when no one else would. The legacy of activists’ efforts can be seen in the more than seventy-five AIDS service organizations (ASOs) that provide prevention, support, and education to communities across Ontario today. While these organizations were once an important site of advocacy and resistance for people living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs), ASOs are now often viewed as professionalized, bureaucratic and impersonal spaces. Linking theoretical understandings of public pedagogy and the pedagogical potential of space with HIV/AIDS scholarship, I offer a conception of ASOs as more than simply impersonal service providers, but vibrant spaces of community learning. Drawing on interviews with people who work, volunteer, and use services at a small ASO in Kingston, Ontario called HIV/AIDS Regional Services (HARS), I identify three pedagogical assets within the agency’s space that tend to go unrecognized as such. The agency’s drop-in space, artworks created by PHAs that decorate the walls of the office, and HARS’ storefront design are not usually counted as elements of the kind of formal “HIV/AIDS education” that ASOs provide. However, by exploring the learning experiences that are incited by these assets, I argue that we may broaden our understandings of what counts as HIV/AIDS education and of the value of ASOs in their communities. These unacknowledged assets not only enhance peoples’ understanding of issues related to HIV/AIDS, they also work to develop a sense of community and belonging for visitors to the space. In conclusion, I reiterate that while today’s ASOs are surely different than the organizations that activists created in the 1980s, the learning experiences that arise in agencies like HARS demonstrate that community-building and mutual support can remain as integral aspects of ASOs. / Thesis (Master, Cultural Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-20 14:39:55.828
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The impact of culturalism in the translation of STDs and HIV/Aids materialsLot, Makgopa 27 October 2006 (has links)
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
School of Literature and Language Studies
9511112w
mokope@webmail.co.za / The scourge of HIV/AIDS continues to worsen in the country in spite of efforts made by
government and other stakeholders to combat this disease. This is reflected by the everincreasing
statistics of new cases of HIV infection that are reported every minute. This
rate of infection is believed to be influenced by factors such as cultural constructions that
inhibit efforts to educate the populace about the disease. The research focuses on the
extent to which cultural ideologies, as reflected in figurative expressions, render the task
of educating people about sexually related diseases difficult.
Translators seem to prefer figurative instead of literal language when they translate STDs
and AIDS-related education materials. The preference of the former renders the message
inaccessible to the average target audience. This study neither strives to conscientise and
sensitise the doubting Thomases about the danger of HIV/AIDS and STDs nor does it
seek a cure or treatment but a new way of communicating about these diseases. Ratzan
maintains that “until a vaccine or cure for HIV infection is discovered, communication is
all that we have” (1990: 257). This study deals with communication about HIV/AIDS. It
is believed that the research’s findings can be used to help reduce the rate of transmission
of this life-threatening infectious disease.
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Patient load in the medical wards of Leratong Hospital (2001 and 2004) : The impact of HIV/AIDS Epidemic.Chukwuemeka, Ajaero Henry 16 February 2007 (has links)
Student Number : 0110645G -
MSc research report -
School of Public Health -
Faculty of Health Sciences / South Africa is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa that are severely
affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This epidemic has led to high mortality
rates, decreased life expectancies, increasing poverty, and overburdened
health systems.
Objective: To quantify the disease burden related to HIV/AIDS in Leratong
Hospital, a level 2 public sector hospital in Gauteng Province of South Africa.
In the context of the recent introduction of anti-retroviral therapy programme in
the hospital, it is hoped that this study will assist in defining a baseline to
which future evaluation of the programme will be compared.
Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study on routinely collected
hospital data. The records of all patients admitted into the four medical wards
of the hospital in 2001 and 2004 (n=21,029) were analyzed. Data on their
socio-demographic characteristics, discharge diagnoses, HIV status, clinical
outcome and length of stay in the hospital were extracted and analyzed.
Results: More than half (52%) of the patients were aged between 21 and 40
years. Between the two years, the annual total number of admissions to the
medical wards decreased by 6.6%, and this was more pronounced in the
female wards where the decline was more than 10%. HIV-related diseases
accounted for four out of the top five diseases in all patients. The proportion of
chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, congestive cardiac failure
and cerebrovascular diseases, decreased from 15.3% in 2001 to 14.3% in 2004. The average length of stay (ALOS) increased from 3.7 days in 2001 to
4.1 days in 2004.
Only 14% of all patients consented to HIV testing in the review period. Of
these more than 90% were reactive to HIV. Although the proportion who had
HIV tests decreased significantly from 16.9% in 2001 to 11% in 2004
(p<0.001), the HIV positive rate increased significantly from 89.1% in 2001 to
92.4% in 2004 (p<0.001). The proportion of patients admitted due to HIVrelated
diseases increased significantly from 52% in 2001 to 58% in 2004
(p<0.001).
The crude mortality rate for all patients during the two years studied was
13.6%. This increased significantly from 12% in 2001 to 15% in 2004
(p<0.001). Mortality was significantly higher in those patients with documented
HIV results and those admitted with HIV-related diseases irrespective of their
HIV status. While cause-specific mortality rate due to HIV-associated
diseases either increased or remained very high, that due to diabetes mellitus
decreased significantly between the two years studied (p=0.02). Patients’
length of stay in the hospital and mortality were both found to be associated
with their age group, HIV status, diagnosis and year of admission.
The study has demonstrated some changes in the clinical profile of the
patients towards a preponderance of HIV-related diseases and crowding out
of other chronic non-infectious diseases. Based on these results, it is
therefore recommended that all patients should have access to voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and emphasis should be placed on those
diseases with high admission and mortality rates to improve patient care and
outcome. Measures should be developed to ensure that patients with chronic
noninfectious diseases are not crowded out.
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Derailing Gautengs HIV/AIDS train: An evaluation of the provincial governments implementation of a life skills education programme in primary and secondary schoolsNirav, Patel 01 March 2007 (has links)
Student Number : 0513068K -
MA research report -
School of Graduate School -
Faculty of Humanities / The aim of this study it to evaluate the Gauteng Government’s attempt to implement a
life skills education programme in all primary and secondary schools. A chosen strategy
of the National HIV/AIDS/STD Strategic Plan for South Africa: 2000-2005, a universal
programme of life skills and HIV/AIDS education in primary and secondary schools was
identified as a vital means to contain South Africa’s HIV/AIDS epidemic. Broadly, the
life skills and HIV/AIDS education programme is intended to “promote improved health
seeking behaviour and [the] adoption of safe sex practices” (DOH, 2000) amongst school
going youth. Responsibility for the implementation of this programme in all primary and
secondary schools is decentralised to the provincial level. Accordingly, this study seeks
to analyse and evaluate the Gauteng Provincial Government’s (GPG) progress in the
implementation of the life skills programme. A case study design centered upon
documentary analysis and key informant interviews was employed in order to capture the
necessary and predominantly qualitative data. These data are analyzed using the
conceptual framework developed through the work of Hildebrand and Grindle (1994 in
Brijal and Gilson, 1997), and Brijal and Gilson (1997). This study found that numerous
implementation deficits arising at the organisational, task network, public sector
institutional and external environmental levels combined to hamper implementation of
the life skills programme according to the time frames set out within the National
Integrated Plan for Children Infected and Affected by HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, this
study also found that political stability in Gauten gprovince was a significant factor
promoting steady and progressive programme implementation and expansion. To
conclude, this study indicates that policy implementation requires numerous
complimentary factors (for instance, a strong level of local service delivery capacity) to
be in place in order for public HIV/AIDS policy implementation to be achieved in an
efficient and sustainable manner.
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Uptake of the prevention of mother-to-child-transmission programme at a primary care level in Sedibeng DistrictBerthet, Emilie 29 April 2009 (has links)
Introduction:
Prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV is a priority public health problem
in Africa as pregnant women and their children are the most vulnerable. In South
Africa, a prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme
has been implemented in antenatal clinics to reduce paediatric HIV/AIDS. It is
necessary to assess the uptake of this programme by pregnant women.
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to determine the uptake of the PMTCT programme in
the antenatal clinics of Sedibeng district. Using data coming from all the antenatal
clinics (ANC) at a primary health care levelin Sedibeng for 2005 and 2006, we
determined the proportion of ANC attendees who accepted to be counselled, the
proportion of these who accepted to be tested for HIV, the proportion of these who
came back for results and the proportion who were HIV positive. Nevirapine (NVP)uptake was determined as well among HIV positive women and babies born to HIV
positive women.
Methods
Data collection was by a record review of PMTCT records from all antenatal clinics
in the district. To determine maternal uptake of PMTCT, data were extracted from
antenatal clinics monthly collation sheets for 2005 and 2006. Nevirapine uptake for
the babies born to HIV positive mothers was determined in one facility: data were v -
collected in the midwife obstetric unit of the community health centre from both the
Nevirapine register and the mothers’ delivery records.
Results
A total of 8010 women attended in Sedibeng antenatal clinics in 2005 and 10217 in
2006. In 2005 95 % of attendee women accepted to be counselled among whom 91%
accepted to be tested for HIV. In 2006 93% women accepted to be counselled among
whom 91% accepted to be tested. Almost all tested women came back for results:
99% came back for results in 2005 and 98% in 2006. The proportion of HIV positive
women in the attendees population was 23% in 2005 and 24% in 2006. Nevirapine
was dispensed to only 600 per 1000 HIV positive women in 2005 and 539 per 1000
HIV positive women in 2006. From June 2005 to May 2006 only 59% of babies born
to an HIV positive mother received NVP.
Discussion and conclusion
The study showed a good uptake of voluntary counselling and HIV testing in
Sedibeng district antenatal clinics. But a low proportion of HIV positive women and
HIV-exposed babies received NVP. There was probably a loss of follow up of
women between ANC visits and delivery. Nevirapine uptake must be improved in
Sedibeng antenatal clinics and further investigations need to be done to understand
the factors influencing uptake.
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Lymphoid proliferation of the parotid gland in paediatric patients with HIV infectionKungoane, Tsholofelo 07 April 2011 (has links)
MDent, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiyt of the Witwatersrand / Introduction: HIV associated parotid lymphoepithelial lesions in children are not well documented. Most studies have concentrated on the adult population.
Objectives: The present study aimed to document the disease, its risk factors and anti-retroviral treatment outcome in children.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted at 2 HIV and AIDS facilities weekly over a 6 month period. “Parotid swellings” in children below 13 years were analysed. A retrospective medical chart review was conducted.
Results: Seventy-one children were included; 47 with swelling (Group 1) and 24 without swelling (Group 2). Thirty-nine had parotid swelling of 1or both glands, 6 had submandibular and parotid swelling and 2 with only submandibular swelling. Twenty-six children in Group 1 were receiving HAART, 19 reported a reduction in size of lesion, 6 reported no effect and only 1 had the lesion after 11 months of HAART.
Conclusion: Parotid lymphoid proliferation in children is more common than previously reported. The prevalence of this lesion could not be determined as not all children with parotid swelling presenting at the clinics were included in the study. Children with lower viral loads showed an increased risk of developing parotid lymphoid proliferation. The parotid lesions responded well to HAART but did not completely resolve.
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Cui bono?: a capabilities approach to understanding HIV prevention and treatment for pregnant women and children in South AfricaSprague, Courtenay 29 June 2010 (has links)
PhD, Faculty of Law, Commerce and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009. / The global health revolution of the last 50 years has generated significant health gains
in terms of increased life expectancy and reduced maternal mortality. South Africa,
an upper middle income country, has performed poorly along the same development
indicators. Development gains for women and children won over two decades
are now being reversed, largely due to HIV/AIDS. This is in spite of the evidence
that lifesaving antiretroviral medication can prolong life and enhance quality of
life. Using a joint capabilities and health equity lens, this thesis seeks to understand
a critical development problem in South Africa – premature mortality in pregnant
women and children attributed to HIV – an infectious disease that is both preventable
and treatable.
The research identifies key barriers faced by pregnant and postnatal women with
HIV who seek (freely available) access to PMTCT (prevention of mother to child HIV
transmission) and ART (antiretroviral therapy) programmes in the public health sector.
The study considers whether disparities in, and missed opportunities for, preventing
and treating HIV in these population groups comprise avoidable, systematic and
unfair health inequities. The implications for the capabilities of women and children
with HIV in this country are also explored.
Qualitative research methods are employed to investigate the research concern.
Semi-structured interviews with 83 women comprise the mainstay of the field
research. Interviews with 37 caregivers of children with HIV, together with patient
files and interviews with key informants, supplement the data collection. Research
was undertaken in two sites in two provinces: Eastern Cape and Gauteng. Each site
constitutes a bounded case study. A rural-urban perspective is put forward – with
attention to equity considerations in access to maternal-child HIV services.
The study evinces a host of avoidable factors in the operational delivery of ART/PMTCT,
along a range of intervention points in the continuum of care: including the antenatal,
labour, postnatal and pediatric wards. While some of these factors are influenced
by individual behaviour, the vast majority are directly linked to the health system
– illuminating the ways in which the health system serves as a social determinant of
health (SDH), and often restricting, constraining, and ironically, preventing people
from obtaining the interventions and information they need to improve their health. iii
By connecting the empirical findings related to ART/PMTCT within the health system
to the capabilities and health equity literatures, an understanding of disparities in
access to, and delivery of, such services – and their importance in shaping health,
development and health outcomes of these population groups – becomes clearer. As a
consequence, strengthening the public health system is a necessary first step to ensuring
at least some of the minimum conditions that allow people to be healthy. As an entry
point, there is great scope for systems’ interventions that would address the shortfall
in health for black South Africans and deprivations in their health capability.
At the same time, the research reveals that – owing to the contribution of social
determinants of health (e.g., factors that impact on health such as living and working
conditions, but lie outside the realm of healthcare) to health status: good health is not
achieved solely by access to and provision of good healthcare. This reality underscores
the importance of health as a central capability; and good health as a normative social
goal. In the capability view, the moral concern for state and society is the reduced
capability of individuals due to health inequities that are socially-constructed, and in
turn, changeable. Recommendations to address modifiable factors related to effective
ART/PMTCT provision in these facilities are put forward, with a set of suggestions
for future research in maternal, child and women’s health in South Africa.
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Evaluation of the grassroots soccer club HIV/AIDS programme in Musina, South AfricaLuppe, Tobias 28 September 2010 (has links)
Research report in partial fulfillment of the degree of MPH, Faculty of Health, University of the Witwatersrand / Background and Study Question: Adolescents are a high-risk group for
HIV/AIDS infection and illness in South Africa. Despite substantial prevention
efforts, high risk behaviour among adolescents continues. Several organisations
have engaged in sports activities to reach out to adolescents and educate them
in life-skills and HIV prevention. There is, however, very little published research
on the effectiveness of such interventions. Grassroots Soccer (GRS) is one of the
emerging organisations in the field of using sports for HIV prevention. Financed
by De Beers’ corporate social responsibility initiative it operates in several South
African mining communities. This study evaluates the HIV prevention programme
in Musina, Limpopo Province run by GRS. The research focuses on the
processes and the outcomes of the organisation’s activities to determine barriers
and facilitators to implementation of the GRS activities and to measure changes
in HIV-related knowledge, self efficacy, and attitude of the beneficiaries.
Methods: A mixed-methods study design was used incorporating qualitative and
quantitative approaches. The qualitative component of the study was based on
key informant interviews and a document review. Qualitative interviews were
analysed using a four-step systematic approach; documents were analysed by
iterative reading. Quantitative data was collected by GRS through selfadministered
pre- and post-intervention questionnaires. Secondary data analysis
was carried out using statistical software SPSS (Version 17.0). Results: The GRS programme managed to improve beneficiaries’ knowledge,
attitude, and self-efficacy concerning HIV prevention. In doing that, GRS
achieved its core objective. The increases, however, are modest and only
significant for knowledge gain. Many beneficiaries did not increase their overall
scores in the pre- and post-test questionnaire; the recognition of alcohol and
drugs as risk factors for HIV/AIDS is relatively low. Furthermore, the programme
operates in a difficult context with insufficient community involvement, constraint
resources, and inadequate monitoring and evaluation. Volunteer retention is a
major challenge, and there is a disjuncture between the GRS’ theoretical
approach and the practical implementation in Musina. Although the programme is
considered a success by key informants, these factors combined with a lack of
support from GRS and De Beers pose challenges to the programme’s approach,
its operations, and ultimately its sustainability.
Conclusion and Recommendations: The GRS provides a promising approach
to HIV prevention. The programme in Musina however falls behind the potential
of the organisation and the needs of the community. It needs to be more locally
integrated, receive additional resources, and have better monitoring and evaluation. Programme activities ought to move beyond knowledge transfer and
be closer to the actual GRS approach based on Bandura’s Social Cognitive
Theory, focusing on 12 to 14 year-olds, and include income generating activities.
Further research should focus on actual programme implementation, longer term
follow-up of beneficiaries, and assess the impact of the programme.
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Costing of HIV/AIDS services at a tertiary level hospital in Gauteng ProvinceThomas, Leena Susan 15 February 2007 (has links)
Student Number : 9910519W -
M Med research report -
School of Public Health -
Faculty of Health Sciences / Introduction:
This study sought to determine the costs of providing health care to HIV/AIDS patients in
a tertiary level hospital in Gauteng Province. The study also determined what the
implications were for the hospital in terms of planning and resource allocation.
Methodology
Study design: Retrospective Record Review
Study Period: 03 May 2005 – 15 June 2005
Study setting: Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Gauteng.
Study population: Medical & Pediatric inpatient discharges and deaths
Results:
1185 records reviewed (812 HIV positive)
HIV positive patients were staying longer than others and costing the hospital more as
well. Those on ARV therapy cost the most.
Conclusion:
More resources were being spent on HIV/AIDS patients. Increased lengths of stay and
expenditure on drugs and investigations were the reasons for higher costs compared to HIV
negative inpatients. Identifying ways of reducing admission and other costs must be seen as
strategies in reducing the financial burden of HIV/AIDS to the facility.
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