Since Africa’s decolonization a number of foreign economic actors have begun toemerge in several African countries and they prove a vital role in many ways. China isone of the largest actor and they have a long history of political and economic ties withAfrica. China act primarily in Africa to meet their growing economy’s demand fornatural resources, and by providing aid and trade with development countries in Africathey get important natural resources like oil and iron ore in return. This has sparked adebate in western societies which accuses China of being imperialistic and that they onlybenefit their own needs. China on the other hand claims that their aid and trade withdevelopment countries in Africa is for a mutual benefit. The purpose of this study was toinvestigate whether there was any truth in the western accusations of China beingimperialistic based on two well-known and established theories of imperialism. Byhighlighting the features that the theories considered to be imperialistic, China’s doingsin Africa could be analyzed. The conclusion was that there may be some concern withsome aspects of China’s dealings in Africa but it would be presumptuous to call themimperialistic.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / William Hobson (1820-1891) joined the ante bellum exodus of Quakers from North Carolina, migrating to Iowa in his late youth where he served as a pioneer minister of Friends until 1875. He then began the formation of a settlement of Quakers at Newberg, Oregon, which grew rapidly and eventually resulted in the establishment of Oregon Yearly Meeting of Friends. Because so little was known of the early life of William Hobson, and because nineteenth century revivalism radically altered the Quakerism of Hobson's lifetime, he is not well understood by contemporary Friends. This dissertation therefore attempts to describe his early years and ministry and their relation to trends within American Quakerism, and to estimate his significance as the founder of Quakerism in the Pacific Northwest. The study is based on Hobson's autobiography, his diaries and sources of information not previously considered. These latter are his correspondence and personal papers, the journals of his Quaker contemporaries, public documents, school records and the official minutes of Friends Meetings to which he belonged in North Carolina, Iowa and Oregon. The new sources have made possible a biographical synthesis which presents William Hobson in a truer perspective than he has heretofore been seen. William Hobson was reared in the back-country of North Carolina under the strict standards of the Society of Friends. Educational opportunities and literature were both very limited, and arter learning to read, he had little save the Scriptures and standard works or Quakerism to study. These, in addition to two years at New Garden Boarding School, confirmed him in the beliers and customs of his ancestors. Attracted by the agricultural prospects or the Trans-Mississippi Vest and moved by a hatred or slavery, he migrated to Iowa in 1847-1848. Throughout the third quarter or the nineteenth century Hobson was a pioneer farmer and minister of Friends, journeying throughout the Friends settlements or Iowa, to North Carolina and to Kansas during the troubled days or border warfare. As an itinerant minister of Friends, his work was carried on in the quietistic spirit typical of early nineteenth century Quakerism. He welcomed the evidences of new life which came to Quakerism with the Awakening of the 1860's and 1870's, but regretted and resisted the innovations which revivalism produced. Hobson made the first of his three journeys to the Far West in 1870-1871, spending seven months surveying the Pacific Coast in the interest of establishing a Quaker settlement. Discouragement led him to conclude that Friends should stay in the Midwest, but within two years his mind was again occupied with the need for a Friends community on the Pacific Coast. In 1875-1876 he made a second journey, determined to overcome all obstacles to his projected settlement. After studying six regions in Oregon and in Washington Territory, he eventually chose the Chehalem Valley, near Portland, Oregon. As a result of his enthusiastic correspondence with Quakers throughout the Far West and Midwest, settlers began pouring into the valley, and by the time of his death in 1891, the membership of Newberg Meeting was over five hundred. William Hobson was well qualified to establish a frontier religious settlement due to his rugged physique and lifetime of experience under frontier conditions. He had a keen awareness of the material basis of a happy society, and carefully studied the resources of the Pacific Northwest before founding a settlement. Possessing the sense of community normative to Quakerism, he frankly advertised the settlement as a religious community and made it succeed as such without limiting it to Friends. The permanent value of his work is indicated in the Quaker institutions of Church, school and civil order which developed in the Chehalem Valley and which became influential throughout the Pacific Northwest.

Master of Science / Department of Geology / Saugata Datta / Tungsten (W) has become an element of greater concern in recent years. Investigations by the Centers for Disease Control implicated W as a possible link to several cases of childhood acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) clusters in the western United States. In Fallon NV, 17 cases of ALL were reported from 1997-2001. Previously, it was difficult to attain knowledge about the geochemical behavior of W due to low concentrations and difficulties in detection in natural environments. Modern analytical techniques allow for a greater range of sensitivity, allowing for in depth W analysis. Elucidating information on the factors contributing to the fate and transport of W in low temperature environments will provide insight into how W moves through the environment and provide information to help mitigate W contamination in the future. Three sites were chosen for comparison of W concentration and how that may be linked to local geochemical factors. Fallon NV, Sierra Vista AZ, and Cheyenne Bottoms Refuge KS were chosen based on published literature and personal communications. The objectives for this study were to characterize W concentrations in these three climatologically distinct areas followed by using methods to speciate and semi-quantitatively characterize W phase association within the surficial sediments and using synchrotron X-Ray methods to define W valencies and elemental associations within the sediments. Tungsten occurs in varying concentrations in the study areas, from 17.8 mg/kg to ~25,907 mg/kg. Fallon has the highest average W concentration of the three sites as well as the highest amount of W associated with phases other than the organic matter or residual phase. Speciation of soluble W revealed no polytungstates, however tungstates are present in the samples as well as undefined W species, suggesting there are other forms of W that are readily soluble in water, hence bioavailable. Tungsten has a very heterogeneous distribution in sediments, creating dispersed but highly concentrated clumps of W hotspots. Spot analyses under X-Ray mapping reveal W may co-localize with other metals such as Ti, Co, and Zn.

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