Os primeiros 30 dias pós-nascimento do bezerro, chamado período neonatal, é caracterizado por grande desenvolvimento imunológico. O sistema imune começa a se desenvolver ainda no início da gestação, porém, após o nascimento, mesmo que morfologicamente desenvolvido, não se apresenta totalmente funcional pela ausência de estímulos antigênicos. Ademais as particularidades anatômicas e fisiológicas da placentação dos bovinos são um impediente à transferência de imunidade durante a gestação, assim sendo o feto se desenvolve sem a influência das imunoglobulinas maternas, ficando altamente dependente ao início da vida extrauterina da transferência de imunidade passiva via colostro. As características do sistema imune do bezerro em seu período neonatal fazem com que este seja muito susceptível a doenças. Conhecer o comportamento imunitário dos bezerros recém-nascidos pode auxiliar a diminuir a incidência de doenças e o custo desse animal, além de aumentar o seu bem-estar. Deste modo, buscou-se avaliar o padrão de resposta imunitária do neonato nos primeiros 30 dias de vida, por meio de avaliações: da atividade fagocítica e do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos circulantes e imunoenotipagem de linfócitos T (CD3+) e suas subpopulações (CD4+) e CD8+)) por citometria de fluxo e a expressão gênica das citocinas IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 e IFN-ϒ por PCR em Tempo Real. O exame físico, o hemograma e avaliação de transferência de imunidade passiva foram considerados como critério de inclusão para garantir a sanidade dos animais durante o período experimental. Com base nos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa para pode se concluir que: a atividade de fagocitose dos granulócitos foi constante nos 30 dias avaliados; a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio por granulócitos foi observada nos ensaios basal e estimulado; e com comportamento semelhante, apresentando os dois ensaios, maiores porcentagens nos dias 1, 25 e 30 p.n.; os linfócitos CD3+) e suas subpopulações:CD4+), CD8+), estes apresentaram porcentagens semelhantes àquelas encontradas nos bovinos adultos; e a relação CD4+) /CD8+) aumentou aos 30 dias de vida, pelo aumento de CD4+). Não foi possível mensurar a expressão gênica das citocinas IL-4 e IFN-ϒ em nenhum dos momentos avaliados; no entanto, foi verificada a expressão gênica de citocinas IL-10 e IL-12, com uma inclinação para o perfil Th2 induzido pela expressão mais frequente de IL-10, observando-se influência da expressão gênica das citocinas IL-10 e IL-12 no leucograma, na atividade dos granulócitos, e nas subpopulações de linfócitos T. / The first 30 days post-birth of the calf, called the neonatal period, is characterized by large immunological development. The immune system begins to develop even at the beginning of gestation, but after birth, even if morphologically developed, it is not fully functional due to the absence of antigenic stimuli. In addition, the anatomical and physiological characteristics of bovine placentation are an impediment to the transfer of immunity during gestation, so the fetus develops without the influence of maternal immunoglobulins, being highly dependent at the beginning of the extrauterine life of the transference of passive immunity via colostrum. The characteristics of the immune system of the calf in its neonatal period make it very susceptible to diseases. Knowing the immune behavior of newborn calves can help reduce the incidence of diseases and the cost of this animal, and increase their well-being. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response pattern of the neonate in the first 30 days of life through evaluations of phagocytic activity and oxidative metabolism of circulating neutrophils and T lymphocyte (CD3 +) immuno-typing and its subpopulations (CD4 + and CD8 +) by flow cytometry and the gene expression of the IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-ϒ cytokines by Real-Time PCR. Physical examination, blood count and passive immunity assessment were considered as inclusion criteria to guarantee the health of the animals during the experimental period. Based on the results obtained in this research it can be concluded that: granulocyte phagocytosis activity was constant in the 30 days evaluated; the production of reactive oxygen species by granulocytes was observed in the basal and stimulated assays; and with similar behavior, presenting the two trials, highest percentages on days 1, 25 and 30 p.n .; the CD3 + lymphocytes and their subpopulations: CD4 +, CD8 +, these presented percentages similar to those found in adult bovines; and the CD4 + / CD8 + ratio increased at 30 days of life, due to the increase in CD4 +. It was not possible to measure the gene expression of IL-4 and IFN-ϒ cytokines in any of the evaluated moments; However, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokine gene expression was observed, with an inclination to the Th2 profile induced by the more frequent expression of IL-10, with the influence of the gene expression of the cytokines IL-10 and IL- 12 on leukogram, granulocyte activity, and T lymphocyte subpopulations.

A curva de lactação é a descrição gráfica da produção de leite em dado período de tempo, normalmente descrita por modelos matemáticos dos quais podem ser obtidos fatores multiplicativos de predição e estimativas de interesse econômico como o pico, persistência e produção acumulada aos 305 dias. Entretanto, faz-se necessário a seleção de funções de curvas para que as estimativas obtidas apresentem o menor erro de predição associado, bem como, identificar os fatores que influenciam a curva de lactação para que essas estimativas sejam desprovidas de tais fontes de variação. Desta forma, foram utilizadas cinco funções não lineares para modelar 10.679 lactações pertencentes a vacas holandesas, de grupo genético PCOD (puro por cruza de origem desconhecida), PCOC (puro por cruza de origem conhecida) e PO (puro de origem), pertencentes a 38 rebanhos agrupados em três níveis de produção, situados nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais no período de 1997 a 2009. A seleção da função baseou-se simultaneamente no maior valor do coeficiente de determinação e nos menores valores do quadrado médio do erro de predição, raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro de predição, critério bayesiano de informação e percentual de curvas atípicas. Independente do nível de produção e ordem de lactação, dentre os modelos avaliados, a função de Wood obteve o melhor ajuste e, portanto, foi utilizada para obter estimativas de pico, tempo de ascensão ao pico, persistência e produção acumulada aos 305 dias. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a influência de fatores ano de parto, época de parto, ordem de lactação, rebanho, nível de produção e duração da lactação sobre os parâmetros a (produção inicia), b (taxa de acréscimo na produção até o pico) e c (taxa de decréscimo na produção após o pico de lactação) e estimativas de pico, tempo de pico, persistência e produção acumulada aos 305 dias das curvas de lactação modeladas pela função de Wood. Em seus respectivos níveis de produção, as médias dos parâmetros e estimativas aumentaram proporcionalmente às classes de duração da lactação e maiores estimativas foram observadas para multíparas na época seca do ano. Dado o exposto, para os rebanhos em estudos, fatores de predição da produção de leite aos 305 dias podem ser construídos de acordo com o nível de produção, ordem, época e duração da lactação. / The lactation curve is a graphic depiction of milk production in a given period of time, usually described by mathematical models which can be obtained by multiplicative factors of prediction and estimates of economic interest as the peak, persistence and cumulative production to 305 days. However, it is necessary to select the functions of curves obtained for the estimates have the smallest prediction error associated, as well as to identify factors that influence the lactation curve for these estimates are devoid of these sources of variation. Thus, five were used to model nonlinear functions belonging to 10,679 lactations Holsteins, genetic group PCOD (pure by crosses of unknown origin), PCOC (pure by crosses of known origin) and PO (pure original), belonging to 38 herds grouped in three levels of production, located in São Paulo and Minas Gerais from 1997 to 2009. The function selection was based on both the greater coefficient of determination and lower values of mean square prediction error, the square root of mean square prediction error, Bayesian information criterion and the percentage of atypical curves. Regardless of the level of production and parity among the models evaluated, the function of Wood obtained the best fit and therefore was used to estimate the peak, rise time to peak, persistence and cumulative production to 305 days. Subsequently, we evaluated the influence of year of birth, season of calving, lactation order, herd production level and duration of lactation on the parameters a (production starts), b (rate of increase in production to peak) and c (rate of decline in production after peak lactation) and estimates of peak, peak time, persistence and cumulative production to 305 days of lactation curves modeled by the function of Wood. In their production levels, the mean estimates of parameters and increased proportionally to the classes of lactation length and higher estimates were observed for multiparous in the dry season. Given the above, for livestock studies, predictors of milk production to 305 days can be constructed according to the level of production, order, timing and duration of lactation.

The aim is to assess the relationship between disease hooves of dairy cows and milk production traits selected, evaluation limbs according to the Methodology linear description and evaluation zavnějšku Holsteins and assess the impact of fathers on the hoof diseases.

The aim of the work was to elaborate a literary review of the characteristics, reproductive properties of Holstein cattle and influences affecting the reproduction of cattle. Another objective of the work was to evaluate the selected influences on their reproduction in a group of selected dairy cows from the monitored cattle herd. The data were processed and sorted by genotype, level of milk performance, parity, length of dry period, length of insemination interval, difficulty of calving, age of the first calving and synchronization of estrous (Ovsynch). In evaluating the effect of the genotype on reproductive parameters, there were no statistically significant differences between purebred Holstein cows (H100) and crosses (H50-88C). In addition, the effect of milk yield on lactation on reproductive performance was evaluated. The results showed that with increasing performance, the values of reproduction indicators (insemination index, insemination interval and period service) have increased. The statistically lowest insemination index (1.70) and insemination interval (96 days) were detected in cows with a yield up to 8,000 kg. The service period (122 days) was conclusively the lowest in a cow group with a yield of 8,001 to 10,000 kg lactating milk. In contrast, the highest conclusive values of the insemination index, interval and period service were detected in a group of dairy cows with a yield above 12,001 kg of milk. It is further evident from the results that the values of the pregnancy rate after the first insemination increased with the increasing level of milk performance. The lowest value (27.14%) was detected in the group with the highest milk yield (over 12,001 kg of milk). There were no significant differences between the different groups of dairy cows in the evaluation of the influence of parity on the reproduction indicators. Furthermore, the influence of length of dry period was evaluated. The average dry period in the monitored herd was 69 days. The pregnancy rate after the first insemination was better for the group with a dry period over 61 days (40.38%). On the other hand, periods of service and days open values were lower in dairy cows with a dry period less than 60 days (119 and 394 days respectively). The length of uterine involution was also monitored by the length of insemination interval. Most cows in the monitored group of dairy cows (25.29%) were first inseminated 66th - 87th day after calving. No statistically significant differences were detected in the assessment of the age of the 1st calving and the severity of births on reproductive parameters. The use of controlled reproduction methods (Ovsynch) was also monitored and applied only in the case of reproductive disorders of dairy cows. In the monitored period, Ovsynch was used in only 10 dairy cows and the average service period was 140 days.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate chosen influences on the extent of reproduction of randomly chosen milk cows that are bred in the same conditions. The chosen influences such as breed, age of the first calving, time of year of calving and level of yield were observed within breeds of Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein cattle. Evaluation was carried out in ZOD "Podhradí" Choustník company, specifically in Budislav farm. 191 cows were chosen for the basic sample. 95 of them were Holstein cattle and 96 were Czech mottled cattle. Chosen influences were evaluated according to data gained from the set of milk yield inspections. A statistically significant difference was observed between Czech ticks and Holstein cows in the length of service period per second and first lactation where Holstein cows have a second lactation period longer than 44 days (P <0.001). Evaluation of first calving age did not show any influence on the level of reproduction neither within Czech Fleckvieh nor within Holstein cattle. During the annual evaluation, it emerged that Holstein cows calved in spring and winter have significantly bigger insemination interval compared to cows that were calved during summer or autumn. This fact was also proven by correlation analysis. This analysis also confirmed the relation between annual period and insemination interval Rxy=0,21(P<0,05). The correlation analysis also proved the relation between annual period and service period as well as interim of Czech Fleckvieh cattle Rxy= 0,327 (P<0,01). Statistically significant influence was not proven within Holstein cattle. Correlation analysis only pointed out the relation between yield and service period Rxy=0,213 (P<0,05). Unlike Holstein cattle, gradual increase of service period figures and interim depending on yield was noticed. Breeding cows milking more that 7,5 thousand kg of milk per lactation had service period of 132 days (P<0,01) and interim 407 days (P<0,01). Economical losses caused by prolonged interim during monitored herd of cattle reached 400.490 CZK in year of 2016.

This thesis deals with the evaluation of selected influences on the milk production and fertility of dairy cows in a herd of Holstein cattle. The cattle husbandry sector, in recent years, has been facing a worsening of the indicators of reproduction and longevity in dairy cows. It is primarily the requirement of constantly increasing the milk yield of dairy cows that has had an adverse impact on these indicators. The worsening of these indicators can result in a reduction of the cost-effectiveness of the production of milk and meat. The evaluation of influences on milk production and fertility in a herd of Holstein cattle was carried out at the AGRODAM Hořepník s.r.o. company. The selected influences included milk yield quantity, parity, age at first calving, calving interval, insemination index, and conception rate after first insemination. Two hundred and two Holstein dairy cows were included in the monitoring. Data on milk yield and reproduction were obtained from milk yield records and zootechnical records. The results showed that milk production of the monitored group of dairy cows was at a high level (10,025 kg of milk). The highest milk yield in kilograms of milk during first lactation was achieved by dairy cows that calved at the age of 27 to 29 months (9,335 kg of milk). According to the milk yield during the first lactation, the highest milk yield during three lactations was by dairy cows that had a milk yield exceeding 10,000 kg of milk during the first lactation (35,515 kg). When utilizing the DOUBLE OVSYNCH synchronization protocol, the average calving interval was 412 days, and a higher conception rate after first insemination (43%) was found as compared to the nationwide average in the Czech Republic (34.2%). The average number of culled dairy cows was 32%; from this the highest proportion of culled dairy cows was for other medical reasons (31%). Due to low milk yields, 25% of the dairy cows were culled.

Milk production has been evaluated not only by genetic potential but there are also a lot of indicators. The potential milk production of the herd depends on the correct link between the genetic potential and the system of selection, feeding and nutrition, reproduction and the breeding environment and health of animals. The aim of the thesis was to produce a literary overview of milk production, milk composition and influences that can influence the composition of milk. For the selected herd to evaluate the effects on the monitored indicators of the milk composition and to statistically evaluate them. For discarded dairy cows to determine the age and reason of culling and lifelong milk production.

The aim of this thesis was to analyze the effect of milking frequency per day on milk efficiency and fertility during the course of lactation. The observation of dairy Holstein cattle herd took place in agricultural company Brloh (Blanský les Region) from January 2010 to February 2011. There were observed 55 dairy cows: Holstein cattle (75 %), share cross cows with race Czech Pied cattle (22 %) and Fleckvieh cattle (3%). Microsoft Excel has been used for processing the statistic data. For results evaluation, some basic statistic characteristics have been counted. Differences between the groups have been verified by the simple factor analysis of variance. By evaluation of milk efficiency including milk constituents for standardized lactation on individual lactation phases, reached breeding cows on first lactation 9460.00 kg M (3.22 % B and 3.88 % T), on second lactation 10632.15 kg M (3.23 % B and 3.96 % T) and breeding cows on third and next lactation 9738.60 kg M (3.18 % B a 4.08 % T). In the assessment of milking frequency visited breeding cows the AMS on the first lactation at 1/3 lactation phases 2.51 per a day, breeding cows at 2/3 lactation phases 2.72 per a day and 2.70 per a day at 3/3 lactation phases. This trend continued in next lactation, but breeding cows on the second lactation at 3/3 lactation phases visited most often robotic milking machine 2.80 per a day. Relationship between the number of milking and milk efficiency was found statistical significance. With the increasing number of milking performance also increases. By evaluation reproductive parameters the following values were observed ? the average first calving age 774.9 days (25 months), the average meantime 382.3 days, the average servis period 110.4 days and the average insemination period 77.8 days. The relationship between the number milking and service period has been established by the positive correlation, i.e. to the growing number of milking is to the extension service period.

A curva de lactação é a descrição gráfica da produção de leite em dado período de tempo, normalmente descrita por modelos matemáticos dos quais podem ser obtidos fatores multiplicativos de predição e estimativas de interesse econômico como o pico, persistência e produção acumulada aos 305 dias. Entretanto, faz-se necessário a seleção de funções de curvas para que as estimativas obtidas apresentem o menor erro de predição associado, bem como, identificar os fatores que influenciam a curva de lactação para que essas estimativas sejam desprovidas de tais fontes de variação. Desta forma, foram utilizadas cinco funções não lineares para modelar 10.679 lactações pertencentes a vacas holandesas, de grupo genético PCOD (puro por cruza de origem desconhecida), PCOC (puro por cruza de origem conhecida) e PO (puro de origem), pertencentes a 38 rebanhos agrupados em três níveis de produção, situados nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais no período de 1997 a 2009. A seleção da função baseou-se simultaneamente no maior valor do coeficiente de determinação e nos menores valores do quadrado médio do erro de predição, raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro de predição, critério bayesiano de informação e percentual de curvas atípicas. Independente do nível de produção e ordem de lactação, dentre os modelos avaliados, a função de Wood obteve o melhor ajuste e, portanto, foi utilizada para obter estimativas de pico, tempo de ascensão ao pico, persistência e produção acumulada aos 305 dias. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a influência de fatores ano de parto, época de parto, ordem de lactação, rebanho, nível de produção e duração da lactação sobre os parâmetros a (produção inicia), b (taxa de acréscimo na produção até o pico) e c (taxa de decréscimo na produção após o pico de lactação) e estimativas de pico, tempo de pico, persistência e produção acumulada aos 305 dias das curvas de lactação modeladas pela função de Wood. Em seus respectivos níveis de produção, as médias dos parâmetros e estimativas aumentaram proporcionalmente às classes de duração da lactação e maiores estimativas foram observadas para multíparas na época seca do ano. Dado o exposto, para os rebanhos em estudos, fatores de predição da produção de leite aos 305 dias podem ser construídos de acordo com o nível de produção, ordem, época e duração da lactação. / The lactation curve is a graphic depiction of milk production in a given period of time, usually described by mathematical models which can be obtained by multiplicative factors of prediction and estimates of economic interest as the peak, persistence and cumulative production to 305 days. However, it is necessary to select the functions of curves obtained for the estimates have the smallest prediction error associated, as well as to identify factors that influence the lactation curve for these estimates are devoid of these sources of variation. Thus, five were used to model nonlinear functions belonging to 10,679 lactations Holsteins, genetic group PCOD (pure by crosses of unknown origin), PCOC (pure by crosses of known origin) and PO (pure original), belonging to 38 herds grouped in three levels of production, located in São Paulo and Minas Gerais from 1997 to 2009. The function selection was based on both the greater coefficient of determination and lower values of mean square prediction error, the square root of mean square prediction error, Bayesian information criterion and the percentage of atypical curves. Regardless of the level of production and parity among the models evaluated, the function of Wood obtained the best fit and therefore was used to estimate the peak, rise time to peak, persistence and cumulative production to 305 days. Subsequently, we evaluated the influence of year of birth, season of calving, lactation order, herd production level and duration of lactation on the parameters a (production starts), b (rate of increase in production to peak) and c (rate of decline in production after peak lactation) and estimates of peak, peak time, persistence and cumulative production to 305 days of lactation curves modeled by the function of Wood. In their production levels, the mean estimates of parameters and increased proportionally to the classes of lactation length and higher estimates were observed for multiparous in the dry season. Given the above, for livestock studies, predictors of milk production to 305 days can be constructed according to the level of production, order, timing and duration of lactation.

The aim of the master’s thesis is a project documentation of an farm building. It is a new building of stable for breeding of cows of Holstein cattle and accessories necessary for securing it is operation. The building is located in the cadastral territory of municipality Chromeč, district Šumperk. Base consist of a single building object and a stable construction builds up a second object. These two objects are operationally linked and they are connected by the gangway. The stable is designed for a maximum of 278 heads of Holstein cattle. The stable is a single-storey indoor building. In the background there are rooms and equipment necessary to procuring stable operation. A Base is a brick object with two floors. On the ground floor is a waiting room, parlour, technical facilities, rooms for a production of cheese and a cheese shop. Attic there is a background of employees, which is only over a part of the object. Roofs are slanting saddle-shaped. Building estate is situated in the flat terrain.