Chemotherapy resistance in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a significant reason for the high rate of death among patients. We hypothesized that chemotherapy- resistant EOC cells will be killed by novel drug treatments in non-adherent culture conditions. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of novel drugs to affect platinum resistant EOC cell viability. To achieve this, the cell killing efficacy of several drugs were tested on drug-resistant EOCs growing in non-adherent cultures. Both EOC cell lines and primary EOC cells isolated from patient ascites were used for these studies. Two different classes of drugs were tested including multikinase inhibitors (dorsomorphin and LDN-193189), and an understudied class of novel chemotherapeutic agents called glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs). EOC cells were treated with the drugs at different doses alone or in combination with cisplatin. Because GAELs exhibited promising results in resistant EOC cells, the mechanism of GAEL-induced cell-death was evaluated. / October 2016

IL-36 gamma is a proinflamatory cytokine which belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines. It is expressed in the skin and by epithelial cells (ECs) lining lung and gut tissue. We used human 3-D organotypic cells, that recapitulate either in vivo human vaginal or cervical tissue, to explore the possible role of IL-36 gamma in host defense against pathogens in the human female reproductive tract (FRT). EC were exposed to compounds derived from virus or bacterial sources and induction and regulation of IL-36 gamma and its receptor was determined. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), flagellin, and synthetic lipoprotein (FSL-1) significantly induced expression of IL-36 gamma in a dose-dependent manner, and appeared to be TLR-dependent. Recombinant IL-36 gamma treatment resulted in self amplification of IL-36 gamma and its receptor (IL-36R) via increased gene expression, and promoted other inflammatory signaling pathways. This is the first report to demonstrate that the IL-36 receptor and IL-36 gamma are present in the human FRT EC and that they are differentially induced by microbial products at this site. We conclude that IL-36 gamma is a driver for epithelial and immune activation following microbial insult and, as such, may play a critical role in host defense in the FRT.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. Även tryckt utgåva.

Dans le cadre de situations pathologiques, le rein peut être soumis à de multiples agressions toxiques, ischémiques et immunologiques pouvant favoriser la survenue d’une maladie rénale chronique et le développement d’une insuffisance rénale. En réponse à ces stress, les cellules du parenchyme rénal vont activer des processus biologiques adaptatifs permettant le maintien de la viabilité cellulaire et l’homéostasie de l’organe. Ces réponses adaptatives peuvent également activer l’immunité innée et induire le remodelage tissulaire (fibrogenèse et angiogenèse). Cependant, les mécanismes précis de cette régulation sont mal connus. L’objectif de ce travail a été de caractériser les mécanismes de régulation et les conséquences microenvironnementales (inflammation et angiogenèse) de l’activation de la réponse UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) et de l’autophagie, en réponse à des stress ischémiques et immunologiques. Dans un premier travail, nous avons montré que la réponse UPR est impliquée dans la génération d’une réponse inflammatoire induite par un stress métabolique dans des cellules tubulaires rénales. Le stress métabolique, caractérisé par une carence en glucose, induit un stress du RE et active la réponse UPR. Ce stress active le facteur NF-.B et favorise la transcription de cytokines et chimiokines pro-inflammatoires. La voie PERK/eIF2 : - n’est pas nécessaire à l’activation de l’inflammation mais amplifie l’expression des cytokines alors que la voie IRE1 - est impliquée dans la génération de cette réponse inflammatoire. De plus, l’ischémie aigue active le stress du RE et l’inflammation dans les reins de rat. Enfin, à partir de biopsies de déclampage de greffons rénaux, l’expression de GRP78, marqueur du stress du RE, et de NF-.B p65/RelA dans les tubules rénaux, est significativement plus élevée en comparaison avec des biopsies de greffons rénaux stables, à distance de la greffe. Dans un second travail, nous avons montré que la réponse UPR régule l’angiogenèse dans les cellules tubulaires rénales lors d’une carence en glucose. La voie PERK est un régulateur majeur de l’expression des facteurs angiogéniques (VEGFA, bFGF et angiogénine). De plus, l’expression de l’angiogénine est modulée par les voies PERK et IRE1.. Enfin, l’ischémie aigue induite chez le rat, active la réponse UPR parallèlement à l’augmentation de l’expression de VEGFA, bFGF et de l’angiogénine. Dans un troisième travail, nous avons mis en évidence un nouveau mécanisme par lequel l’interféron. (IFN.) active l’autophagie dans les cellules tubulaires rénales. Nous avons montré que l’IFN. entraine une déplétion en tryptophane, active la voie GCN2, une kinase eIF2., ce qui conduit à l’augmentation du flux autophagique. De plus, la supplémentation entryptophane et l’utilisation d’ARN interférence dirigés contre GCN2 inhibent l’autophagie induite par l’IFN. Enfin, l’autophagie intervient dans la régulation de la sécrétion de cytokines inflammatoires et de facteurs de croissance en réponse à l’IFN.. En conclusion, nous avons caractérisé dans ce travail des mécanismes originaux de régulation d’une réponse inflammatoire et angiogénique par la réponse UPR et l’autophagie en réponse à des stress ischémiques et immunologiques au sein de l’épithélium tubulaire rénal humain. / Under pathological conditions, kidney is subjected to multiple toxic, ischemic and immunological failures that promote the occurrence of chronic kidney disease and the development of acute kidney injury. In response to stress, renal parenchymal cells activate biological adaptive processes permitting the maintenance of cell viability and renal homeostasis. These adaptive responses can also activate innate immunity and induce tissue remodeling (fibrogenesis and angiogenesis). However, accurate mechanisms of this regulation are still unclear. The aim of this work was to characterize regulation mechanisms and micro environmental consequences(inflammation and angiogenesis) of the activation of the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) and autophagy, in response to ischemic and immunological stress. In a first study, we demonstrated that the UPR is involved in the generation of inflammatory response induces by metabolic stress in tubular renal cells. Metabolic stress, characterized by glucose deprivation, induces an ER stress and activates the UPR. This stress activates NF-.B and promotes the transcription of pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The PERK signaling is not required for the induction of inflammation but amplifies cytokine expression whereas IRE1 is involved in the generation of inflammatory response. Moreover, acute ischemia activates ER stress and inflammation in rat kidneys. Finally, from kidney transplant biopsies performed before implantation, the expression of GRP78, an ER stress marker, and NF-.B p65/RelA in renal tubules is significantly increased in comparison with stable human kidney transplant biopsies. In a second study, we showed that the UPR regulates angiogenesis in tubular renal cells during glucose deprivation. The PERK pathway is a major regulator of angiogenic factors expression (VEGFA, bFGF and angiogenin). Furthermore, angiogenin expression is modulated by PERK and IRE1. pathways. Finally, acute ischemia activates the UPR and, in parallel, increases VEGFA, bFGF and angiogenin expression in rat kidneys. In a third work, we identified a novel mechanism by which IFN. activates autophagy in human kidney epithelial cells. We showed that IFN. promotes tryptophan depletion, activates the eIF2. kinase GCN2, and leads to an increase of the autophagic flux. Moreover, tryptophan supplementation and RNA interference directed against GCN2 inhibit IFN.-induced autophagy. Finally,autophagy regulates the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in response to IFN..In conclusion, we characterized in this work original mechanisms that regulate inflammatory and angiogenic responses by the UPR and autophagy in response to ischemic and immunological stress in tubular renal human epithelium.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Purpose: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent and fatal diseases women all around the globe are challenged with today. In women, breast cancer has the highest mortality rate of all cancers and the incidence rate is on the increase. It is estimated that by the year 2025, 19.3 million women will become a victim of this grave health problem. This disease is a result of the formation of malignant tumours caused by genetic alterations that are involved in the proliferation of cells, cellular differentiation and the disturbance in homeostasis which subsequently leads to the abnormal multiplication and growth of cells. Breast cancer is considered a multifactorial disease with various risk factors such as age, radiation exposure, hormone therapy, oral contraceptives, dietary factors, environmental exposure and genetic predispositions. Breast cancers can be subdivided and classified based on their cellular surface receptors such as Estrogen Receptors, Progesterone Receptors and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2. Of the various subtypes, the triple-negative breast cancer subtype which is negative for all 3 surface receptors and presents as the most aggressive form of breast cancer with a poor prognosis. Between 10-20% of all breast cancer cases are classified as triple-negative breast cancer. Due to the hormonal status of triple-negative breast cancer, treatment options are limited and thus of great concern. Chemotherapy remains the most common treatment modality, but prognosis is poor with relapse within years ultimately leading to poor survival outcome. Due to this lack of effective treatment plans, an alternative treatment with minimal side effects and better survival remains an imperative area to explore. A wide scope of literature highlights red palm oil and its health benefits, with its growth inhibitory potential drawing great attention. Red palm oil, extracted from the Elaeis guineensis palm tree is red in colour due to the abundance of carotenoids, tocotrienols and tocopherols found in the oil. Various compounds make up the oil such as lycopene, carotenes, vitamin E and coenzyme Q10. Most studies have researched the effects of vitamin E extracted from the oil as a contributor to its growth inhibitory activity. This study focuses on the effects of the commercial red palm oil as a whole with all its compounds on the proliferation of breast cancer cells as well as the effect it has on various genes associated with breast cancer. Method: This study investigated the effect of red palm oil concentrations (1, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/ml) on breast cancer cells—MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with comparison to a non-cancerous cell line—MCF-12A for 24-, 48- and 72-hour treatment periods. The parameter investigated was cell proliferation through the CCK-8 cell proliferation assay and the morphology following red palm oil treatment was observed and captured. Additionally, this study also investigated the effect of red palm oil on the expression of Human Mammaglobin (hMAM) and Maspin genes through the PCR assay and results visualised through agarose gel electrophoresis. Data was statistically analysed using GraphPad version 6.0 software. Results: Following treatment of red palm oil, no apparent changes in the cell morphology was observed despite using variable treatment concentrations over variable times for MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-12A cells relative to their respective controls. Immortalised MCF-12A cells showed a significant increase in proliferation with the varying treatment concentrations, but more prominently with the highest concentration at 24, 48 and 72 hours. MCF-7 cells showed significant decreases at 24 and 72 hours. Decreased proliferation was observed at all dosages used, particularly at 10, 100, and 500 μg/ml. Furthermore, MDA-MB-231 cells demonstrated a gradual increase in cell proliferation for the 3 selected time periods in the varying concentrations. Additionally, red palm oil did not alter the gene expression of Maspin at any of the varying treatments for MDA-MB-231 nor MCF-7 cells. However, changes in hMAM gene expression were observed at treatment concentration of 100 μg/ml in MDA-MB-231 cells that were incubated for 24 and 48 hours. However, the hMAM expression was not affected in treated MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: Red palm oil, as an alternative dietary oil, seems to have potential growth inhibitory properties as demonstrated by the change in the cell proliferation of the MCF-7 cells. Literature show that various individual compounds extracted from red palm oil have anti-proliferative and inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells making them good candidates for therapy. However, this study concludes that red palm oil as a whole component would not be a suitable therapeutic agent for highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer.