by Kwok-ho Tsoi. / Thesis submitted in: October, 1999. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-222). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.1 / Acknowledgments --- p.5 / Contents --- p.6 / List of Figures --- p.10 / List of Tables --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature Review --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Biology of Amphipods --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- External Morphology --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Habitat --- p.19 / Chapter 1.1.1.3 --- Feeding Habit --- p.20 / Chapter 1.1.1.4 --- Reproductive Biology --- p.22 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Application of Amphipods in Environmental Bioassays --- p.25 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Abundance and Availability --- p.26 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Sensitivity --- p.26 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Ecological Relevance --- p.27 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Living Habit --- p.28 / Chapter 1.1.2.5 --- Sublethal Response --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of this Study --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Taxonomic Identification of Hyale sp --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Collection of Amphipods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preservation and Anesthesia --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Preservation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Anesthesia --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Dissection --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Dissecting Instruments --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Dissecting Medium --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Photographic Recording and Illustration --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Figure Index --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Description of Key Characters --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Growth of Hyale sp --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Growth in Standardized Environmental Conditions --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Experimental Animals --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Culture Conditions --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Examination and Recording --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Growth of Juveniles in Different Salinities --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Experimental Animals --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Culture Conditions --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Examinations and Recording --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Morphometric Analysis on Length - Weight Relationship --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Growth in Environmental Conditions --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Life Span --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Molt Cycle --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.1 --- Age --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.2 --- Intermolt Duration --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Body Length (BL) --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- Head Length (HL) --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- Eye Length (EL) --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1.6 --- Length and Articles of Antenna 1 (AL1 & AA1) --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.1.7 --- Length and Articles of Antenna 2 (AL2 &AA2) --- p.90 / Chapter 3.3.1.8 --- Propodus Length of Gnathopod 1 (GL1) --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.1.9 --- Propodus Length of Gnathopod 2 (GL2) --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3.1.10 --- Merus Length of Pereopod 7 (MP7) --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Growth of Juveniles in Different Salinities --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Survival Rate --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Age --- p.117 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Intermolt Duration --- p.117 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Body Length (BL) --- p.117 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Head Length (HL) --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.2.6 --- Eye Length (EL) --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.2.7 --- Length of Antenna 1 (AL1) --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.2.8 --- Number of Article on Antenna 1 (AA1) --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.2.9 --- Number of Article on Antenna 2 (AA2) --- p.127 / Chapter 3.3.2.10 --- Merus Length of Pereopod 7 (MP7) --- p.127 / Chapter 3.3.2.11 --- Summary on Growth Study in Different Salinities --- p.130 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Morphometric Analysis on Length - Weight Relationship --- p.130 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.134 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Discontinuous Growth --- p.134 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Growth Pattern --- p.135 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Molt Cycle - Molt Frequency and Molt Duration --- p.135 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Body Length --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Head Length and Merus Length of Pereopod7 --- p.138 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Morphometric Analysis on Length 一 Weight Relationship --- p.138 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Sexual Dimorphism --- p.139 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Body Length --- p.140 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Antennae 1 and2 --- p.140 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Gnathopods 1 and2 --- p.141 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Growth Phase --- p.141 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Merus Length of Pereopod7 --- p.142 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Eye Length --- p.143 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Length of Antennae 1 and2 --- p.143 / Chapter 3.4.5.4 --- Propodus Length of Gnathopods 1 and2 --- p.144 / Chapter 3.4.5.5 --- Summary on Growth Phase --- p.145 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Optimal Salinity for Growth --- p.145 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Reproductive Biology of Hyale sp --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.149 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.151 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Fecundity --- p.151 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Morphometric Relationship between Brood Size and Body Length --- p.152 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.155 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Sexual Maturation --- p.155 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Fecundity --- p.158 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Duration of Recuperative Period and Incubation Period --- p.161 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Morphometric Relationship between Brood Size and Body Length --- p.161 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.161 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Tolerance of Hyale sp. to Temperature and Salinity --- p.170 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.170 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Acclimation --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Tolerance Tests --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Temperature Tolerance Tests --- p.174 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Salinity Tolerance Tests --- p.175 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.176 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.176 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Temperature Tolerance Tests --- p.176 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Salinity Tolerance Tests --- p.179 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.183 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Acute Toxicity of cadmium to Hyale sp --- p.187 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.187 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.188 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.188 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Acclimation --- p.189 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Cadmium Toxicity Tests --- p.189 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.190 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.191 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.200 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.205 / References --- p.208

Hyale media (Dana, 1853), Gammaridea do fital da Praia do Poço (Poço de Anchieta), Itanhaem, litoral sul do Estado de são Paulo, foi estudada durante o inverno e verão do ano de 1979. A espécie foi analisada quanto ã sua distribuição e abundância em um dos costões rochosos do local, quanto a sua alimentaçao e como animal presa para peixes da região do fital. A abundância da espécie, em relação aos demais Gammaridea, foi obtida através do índice de Densidade Relativa e a distribuição vertical e horizontal, pela sua ocorrencia nas algas do costão rochoso. A importância da espécie como presa de peixes do fital foi avaliada através da análise do conteúdo estomacal de algumas espécies, notadamente Blennius cristatus. Aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da alimentação de Hyale media foram analisados experimentalmente em 4 estádios de desenvolvimento da espécie, utilizando-se alimentos vegetal e animal. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que Hyale media é uma espécie de distribuiçao ampla no costão rochoso, ocorrendo em maior abundância nas algas dos níveis mais baixos. Hyale media é uma espécie omnívora, que se utiliza de vários mecanismos para aquisição de alimentos, à exceção da filtração. No inverno, a preferência da especie recaiu sobre o alimento Sargasswn stenophyllwn e, no verão, sobre o alimento Ulva fasciata, não ocorrendo, porem, diferença significativa entre o inverno e o verão, quanto à utilização de Alimento Animal. O estádio mais desenvolvido de Hyale media (macho 2) teve altas porcentagens de assimilação, embora apresentasse baixas razões de ingestão, assimilação e eliminação, tanto no inverno quanto verão. Este comportamento não foi observado nos demais estádios. Maiores porcentagens de assimilação foram, em geral, obtidas no verao. Hyale media serve de alimento para os peixes da região algal estudada e parece ser um importante membro na cadeia trófica da região. / The Gammaridea Hyale media (Dana, 1853) living in the phytal of Praia do Poço, Itanhaém, southern coast of São Paulo State, was studied during the winter and summer of 1979. The study included the local distribution and abundance of the species. Qualitative and quantitative analyses on the feeding of Hyale media, at laboratory conditions, were also made. The results showed that the species lives more frequently on algae occurring at inferior levels of the rock. Hyale media is a food item of great value for intertidal fish, specially for Blennius cristatus. Therefore, it would probably be an important element of the local food chain. The species is omnivorous and its feeding mechanisms are browsing, predation, scavenging and scraping. Filter-feeding was not observed in Hyale media. Concerning its preference for different types of food, the studied Gammaridea preferred Sargassum stenophyllum in the winter and Ulva fasciata in the summer. In relation to Animal food there was no significative difference between winter and summer. Male 2 (more advanced stage) presented high percentage of food assimilation al though ingestion, assimilation and elimination rates were low, during the two seasons. The same was not true for the early stages. However, in general, Hyale media reached higher percentage of assimilation in the summer.

Hyale media (Dana, 1853), Gammaridea do fital da Praia do Poço (Poço de Anchieta), Itanhaem, litoral sul do Estado de são Paulo, foi estudada durante o inverno e verão do ano de 1979. A espécie foi analisada quanto ã sua distribuição e abundância em um dos costões rochosos do local, quanto a sua alimentaçao e como animal presa para peixes da região do fital. A abundância da espécie, em relação aos demais Gammaridea, foi obtida através do índice de Densidade Relativa e a distribuição vertical e horizontal, pela sua ocorrencia nas algas do costão rochoso. A importância da espécie como presa de peixes do fital foi avaliada através da análise do conteúdo estomacal de algumas espécies, notadamente Blennius cristatus. Aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da alimentação de Hyale media foram analisados experimentalmente em 4 estádios de desenvolvimento da espécie, utilizando-se alimentos vegetal e animal. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que Hyale media é uma espécie de distribuiçao ampla no costão rochoso, ocorrendo em maior abundância nas algas dos níveis mais baixos. Hyale media é uma espécie omnívora, que se utiliza de vários mecanismos para aquisição de alimentos, à exceção da filtração. No inverno, a preferência da especie recaiu sobre o alimento Sargasswn stenophyllwn e, no verão, sobre o alimento Ulva fasciata, não ocorrendo, porem, diferença significativa entre o inverno e o verão, quanto à utilização de Alimento Animal. O estádio mais desenvolvido de Hyale media (macho 2) teve altas porcentagens de assimilação, embora apresentasse baixas razões de ingestão, assimilação e eliminação, tanto no inverno quanto verão. Este comportamento não foi observado nos demais estádios. Maiores porcentagens de assimilação foram, em geral, obtidas no verao. Hyale media serve de alimento para os peixes da região algal estudada e parece ser um importante membro na cadeia trófica da região. / The Gammaridea Hyale media (Dana, 1853) living in the phytal of Praia do Poço, Itanhaém, southern coast of São Paulo State, was studied during the winter and summer of 1979. The study included the local distribution and abundance of the species. Qualitative and quantitative analyses on the feeding of Hyale media, at laboratory conditions, were also made. The results showed that the species lives more frequently on algae occurring at inferior levels of the rock. Hyale media is a food item of great value for intertidal fish, specially for Blennius cristatus. Therefore, it would probably be an important element of the local food chain. The species is omnivorous and its feeding mechanisms are browsing, predation, scavenging and scraping. Filter-feeding was not observed in Hyale media. Concerning its preference for different types of food, the studied Gammaridea preferred Sargassum stenophyllum in the winter and Ulva fasciata in the summer. In relation to Animal food there was no significative difference between winter and summer. Male 2 (more advanced stage) presented high percentage of food assimilation al though ingestion, assimilation and elimination rates were low, during the two seasons. The same was not true for the early stages. However, in general, Hyale media reached higher percentage of assimilation in the summer.