The most commonly used method for the time-domain Maxwell equations is the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method (FDTD). This is an explicit, second-order accurate method, which is used on a staggered Cartesian grid. The main drawback with the FDTD method is its inability to accurately model curved objects and small geometrical features. This is due to the Cartesian grid, which leads to a staircase approximation of the geometry and small details are not resolved at all. This thesis presents different ways to circumvent this drawback, but still take advantage of the benefits of the FDTD method. An approach to avoid staircasing errors but still retain the efficiency of the FDTD method is to use a hybrid grid. A few layers of unstructured cells are used close to curved objects and a Cartesian grid is used for the rest of the domain. For the choice of solver on the unstructured grid two different alternatives are compared: an explicit Finite-Volume Time-Domain (FVTD) solver and an implicit Finite-Element Time-Domain (FETD) solver. The hybrid solvers calculate the scattering from complex objects much more efficiently compared to using FDTD on highly resolved Cartesian grids. For the same accuracy in the solution roughly a factor of 10 in memory requirements and a factor of 20 in execution time are gained. The ability to model features that are small relative to the cell size is often important in electromagnetic simulations. In this thesis a technique to generalize a well-known subcell model for thin wires, in order to take arbitrarily oriented wires in FETD and FDTD into account, is proposed. The method gives considerable modeling flexibility compared to earlier methods and is proven stable. The results show excellent consistency and very good accuracy on different antenna configurations. The recursive convolution method is often used to model frequency dispersive materials in FDTD. This method is used to enable modeling of such materials in the unstructured FVTD and FETD solvers. The stability of both solvers is analyzed and their accuracy is demonstrated by computing the radar cross section for homogeneous as well as layered spheres with frequency dependent permittivity.

Les motoristes aéronautiques souhaitent disposer de la représentation la plus fidèle possible du fonctionnement des propulseurs, dans une perspective d'amélioration continue de leurs performances. Les modèles numériques doivent donc intégrer au maximum les détails géométriques susceptibles d'influencer la physique de l'écoulement analysé. La prise en compte de tels effets technologiques s'avère difficile dans le contexte des solveurs structurés disponibles.Une stratégie hybride de prise en compte des effets technologiques fait coexister au sein d'un même domaine de calcul des zones structurées et non structurées. La flexibilité de génération d'un maillage non structuré permet une prise en compte aisée des détails géométriquement complexes tandis que la préservation de zones structurées dans une majeure partie du domaine de calcul permet de bénéficier de l'efficacité d'un solveur structuré. La présente thèse contribue au développement de cette stratégie hybride au sein du solveur elsA de l'ONERA en proposant des gains de précision et de robustesse par rapport à la version initialement développée pour établir la faisabilité et l'intérêt de l'approche. Après un état de l'art des techniques de discrétisation spatiale disponibles dans cette version initiale, différentes améliorations (techniques de moindres carrés, approche dite quasi-Green, méthode d'estimation des gradients aux faces) ont été analysées puis implémentées et validées sur des cas académiques. Le choix d'une stratégie hybride avec raccords coïncidents entre zones structurées et non-structurées conduit à des déformations de maillage dans la zone d'interface structuré / non-structuré qui ont exigé le développement supplémentaire de techniques d'amélioration de la robustesse (limiteurs physiques ou géométriques). Le solveur hybride rassemblant ces différentes fonctionnalités a permisde simuler avec succès des géométries d'aubes isolées dotées d'effets technologiques tels que congé de raccordement, trous de refroidissement, fentes de bord de fuite, cheminées internes d'alimentation. Enfin, une stratégie permettant l'utilisation de l'approche hybride en étage complet a été proposée et appliquée à la simulation hybride de l'interaction rotor/stator pour la configuration VKI-BRITE CT3, en stationnaire et en instationnaire, respectivement via une condition de plan de mélange et une condition de chorochronicité. / The aerospace engine manufacturers wish to rely on the most accurate description of their propulsion systems in order to continuously improve their performance levels. Therefore, numerical models must include as much as possible geometrical details likely to impact the physics of the flow under study. Taking into account such technological effects turns out to be a difficult task when working with available structured solvers. A hybrid strategy takes advantage of structured and unstructured zones within the same computational domain in order to efficiently describe technological effects. Geometrically complex local details are easily accounted for thanks to the flexibility of unstructured grid generation while keeping structured zones in the remainder of the flow domain allows to benefit from the tried and tested structured solver efficiency. The present work contributes to the development of such a hybrid strategy in ONERA elsA solver and enhances accuracy and robustness with respect to the solver initially developed to establish the feasibility and interest of hybridization. Following a review of the space discretization techniques available in the initial solver, several improvements (least square techniques, quasi-Green approach, computation of face gradients) have been analysed, then implemented and validated for academic test-cases. The choice of a hybrid strategy with coincident matching between structured and unstructured zones leads to highly deformed cells in the structured / unstructured interface region, requiring the development of supplementary robustness improvement techniques (physics- or geometry-based limiters). The hybrid solver gathering these various options allows to successfully compute isolated blade geometries including technological effects such as blade fillet, cooling holes, trailing edge cutbacks, internal coolant supply channel. Finally, a structured / unstructured strategy has been proposed and applied to the hybrid simulation of a rotor/stator interaction for the steady and unsteady