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The problem of this study was the measurement of the proton-proton separation in the water molecule of hydration in a single crystal of potassium oxalate monohydrate.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 perez_ep_dr_guara.pdf: 1341612 bytes, checksum: 125cdc7c1fba55771fabcabcc4ff2996 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a viabilidade da substituição de óleo diesel por álcool etílico hidratado em equipamentos industriais de queima direta. O estudo começou com uma análise do panorama energético atual considerando os dois combustíveis. Posteriormente foi realizada uma comparação teórica das propriedades físico-químicas dos combustíveis, assim como dos diversos aspectos da combustão do álcool e de diesel. O sistema utilizado para a comparação foi uma câmara de combustão vertical. O atomizador utilizado foi do tipo -jet e o estabilizador da chama do tipo swirl. Os resultados mostram que o álcool tílico hidratado se apresenta como um interessante combustível alternativo ao óleo diesel, isso porque na queima de etanol, as emissões de CO2, CO, UHC, NOx e material particulado são menores do que na queima de diesel, quando ambos combustíveis liberam a mesma potencia térmica. A substituição também é tecnicamente possível, sem modificações no sistema de queima (atomizador, ancorador da chama e câmara de combustão). As modificações a serem realizadas seriam somente no sistema de estocagem e na bomba de combustível. Adicionalmente, deve ser avaliada a necessidade de se tomarem medidas para evitar perda de combustível por evaporação, riscos de incêndios e danos dos materiais por corrosão. Dos resultados também se observou que a queima de diesel produz quantidades consideráveis de fuligem. Este particulado diminui a eficiência de troca de calor dos quipamentos e origina paradas para limpeza e restauração dos equipamentos. As chamas de álcool se apresentam mais apropriadas para queima em unidades de combustão convectivas que radiativas. A decisão de substituir diesel por álcool na queima direta necessariamente passa ra vorável para a redução desta diferença. / The objective of this work was to investigate the viability of substituting diesel el by hydrated ethanol in industrial burners. The study started with an analysis of the urrent energy scenario for both fuels. After that, a theoretical comparison was carried ut of the fuels´ physical chemical properties and combustion characteristics. Finally, n experimental comparison was conducted for the combustion characteristics. The xperimental system utilized was a vertical combustion chamber equipped with a Y-jet tomizer and an axial swirler. Results showed that hydrated ethanol is a potential ubstitute for diesel fuel. Emission rates of CO2, CO, UHC, NOx and particulate aterial are lower for ethanol than for diesel fuel. Substitution is also technically iable, requiring no modifications of the burning system. Modifications are required nly in the fuel storage and injection system. When using ethanol, it is also necessary take additional care to avoid losses by evaporation, fire risks and material damage y corrosion. The experimental results also showed that the burning of diesel fuel roduces considerable amounts of soot, contrary to what occurs with ethanol. This articulate material decreases heat exchange efficiency and imposes equipment toppage for cleaning and parts regeneration. Ethanol flames are more appropriate for ombustion units that work under convective heat exchange than those for radiant heat xchange. The decision of substituting diesel fuel by hydrated ethanol in direct burning quires a study of technical, economical and environmental viability for the particular ystem. Current operation costs for hydrated ethanol are higher than for diesel fuel. owever, the national and world scenarios favor a decrease of such difference. etroleum and its derivatives, because th y are non renewable, tend to have price increases.

2 pp. / This publication provides simple tips for keeping active children hydrated when playing youth sports.

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a viabilidade da substituição de óleo diesel por álcool etílico hidratado em equipamentos industriais de queima direta. O estudo começou com uma análise do panorama energético atual considerando os dois combustíveis. Posteriormente foi realizada uma comparação teórica das propriedades físico-químicas dos combustíveis, assim como dos diversos aspectos da combustão do álcool e de diesel. O sistema utilizado para a comparação foi uma câmara de combustão vertical. O atomizador utilizado foi do tipo -jet e o estabilizador da chama do tipo swirl. Os resultados mostram que o álcool tílico hidratado se apresenta como um interessante combustível alternativo ao óleo diesel, isso porque na queima de etanol, as emissões de CO2, CO, UHC, NOx e material particulado são menores do que na queima de diesel, quando ambos combustíveis liberam a mesma potencia térmica. A substituição também é tecnicamente possível, sem modificações no sistema de queima (atomizador, ancorador da chama e câmara de combustão). As modificações a serem realizadas seriam somente no sistema de estocagem e na bomba de combustível. Adicionalmente, deve ser avaliada a necessidade de se tomarem medidas para evitar perda de combustível por evaporação, riscos de incêndios e danos dos materiais por corrosão. Dos resultados também se observou que a queima de diesel produz quantidades consideráveis de fuligem. Este particulado diminui a eficiência de troca de calor dos quipamentos e origina paradas para limpeza e restauração dos equipamentos. As chamas de álcool se apresentam mais apropriadas para queima em unidades de combustão convectivas que radiativas. A decisão de substituir diesel por álcool na queima direta necessariamente passa ra vorável para a redução desta diferença. / Abstract: The objective of this work was to investigate the viability of substituting diesel el by hydrated ethanol in industrial burners. The study started with an analysis of the urrent energy scenario for both fuels. After that, a theoretical comparison was carried ut of the fuels' physical chemical properties and combustion characteristics. Finally, n experimental comparison was conducted for the combustion characteristics. The xperimental system utilized was a vertical combustion chamber equipped with a Y-jet tomizer and an axial swirler. Results showed that hydrated ethanol is a potential ubstitute for diesel fuel. Emission rates of CO2, CO, UHC, NOx and particulate aterial are lower for ethanol than for diesel fuel. Substitution is also technically iable, requiring no modifications of the burning system. Modifications are required nly in the fuel storage and injection system. When using ethanol, it is also necessary take additional care to avoid losses by evaporation, fire risks and material damage y corrosion. The experimental results also showed that the burning of diesel fuel roduces considerable amounts of soot, contrary to what occurs with ethanol. This articulate material decreases heat exchange efficiency and imposes equipment toppage for cleaning and parts regeneration. Ethanol flames are more appropriate for ombustion units that work under convective heat exchange than those for radiant heat xchange. The decision of substituting diesel fuel by hydrated ethanol in direct burning quires a study of technical, economical and environmental viability for the particular ystem. Current operation costs for hydrated ethanol are higher than for diesel fuel. owever, the national and world scenarios favor a decrease of such difference. etroleum and its derivatives, because th y are non renewable, tend to have price increases. / Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci / Coorientador: João Andrade de Carvalho Junior / Banca: Carlos Daniel Ebinuma / Banca: Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: Marco Aurelio Ferreira / Banca: Elisangela Martins Leal / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_fm_me_bauru.pdf: 1454449 bytes, checksum: 05f6f32198a1e9239476329103f79d6d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Cadeias de suprimentos são identificadas e estruturadas para entregar aos consumidores finais que satisfaçam suas necessidades pelo preço que este aceite pagar. A mensuração de custos em cadeia de suprimentos pode apoiar a gestão de operações para garantir competitividade, lucratividade, rentabilidade e atratividade para todos os participantes da cadeia. Este trabalho revisa a literatura de custos, cadeia de suprimentos, mensuração e gestão de custos em cadeia de suprimentos. Apresenta a proposta para mensuração de custos em cadeia de suprimentos por meio do Custeio Variável e para demonstrar a proposta, analisa a cadeia de suprimentos do Etanol Hidratado Combustível. Foram utilizados dados públicos obtidos na Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocumbustível (ANP), Centros de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada - ESALQ (CEPEA) e Conselho dos Produtores de Cana-de-Açúcar, Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo (CONSECANA), a partir das usinas, passando pelas distribuidoras e postos de combustíveis até alcançar o consumidor final na cidade de Bauru, comparativamente, no estado de São Paulo, entre janeiro de 2010 e março de 2011. Para compreender a interpretação dos participantes da cadeia de suprimentos sobre preços, custos, margem de contribuição e impacto dos preços de venda na cadeia, entrevistas foram realizadas com representantes dos participantes desta cadeia. A análise dos resultados interpreta as informações obtidas com a proposta para mensuração de custos na cadeia sucroalcooleira, demonstrando as margens de contribuição de cada participante. O uso da proposta para mensuração de custos em cadeia de suprimentos revelou que as maiores margens de contribuição da cadeia são das usinas, que distribuidoras comercializaram o Etanol Hidratado Combustível... / Supply chains are identified and structured to deliver products to end consumers that meet their needs at a price that it agreed to pay. The cost measurement in the supply chain can support operations management to ensure competitiveness, profitability, rentability and attractiveness for all chain participants. This paper reviews the literature of costs, supply chain, measurement and cost management in the supply chain. Presents the proposal for cost measurement in the supply chain through variable costing and to demonstrate the proposal, analyzes the supply chain of Fuel ethanol hydrated. Public data was obtained from the Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels - ANP), Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada (Centre for Advanced Studies in Applied Economics) - ESALQ (CEPEA) and Conselho dos Produtores de Cana-de-Açúcar, Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo (Council of Producers of Sugar Cane, Sugar and Alcohol of the State of São Paulo - CONSECACA) from plants, through the distributors and gas stations until you reach the end consumer in the city of Bauru, comparatively, in the state of São Paulo, between January 2010 and March 2011. To understand the interpretation of the participants in the supply chain of price, cost, margin contribution and impact of selling prices in chain, interviews were conducted with representatives of the participants in this chain. The analysis of the results interprets the information obtained with the proposal for cost measurement in the sugarcane chain, demonstrating the cotribution, margins of each participant. The use of the proposal for cost measurement in the supply chain revealed that the largest contribution margins in the chain are the plants... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Hydrated amorphous silicon dioxide (Si02.nH-,O), or opal-A, is deposited naturally from seepage and runoff water as white or brown rock surface coatings, called 'skins', that often partly obscure rock paintings and engravings, but occasionally, a thin translucent silica skin can form a protective film over rock art. White lustrous silica skins, less than 1 mm thick, occur where seepage water regularly flows from bedding and joint planes, whereas much thinner brown skins form on the sides of boulders and cliffs where runoff water periodically flows. To find the degree of silica skin variability and to determine how climate and rock type affect the properties of silica skins I collected samples at seven Australian and two Canadian rock painting sites that were located in temperate, tropical and sub-arctic regions. The skins had developed on sandstone, quartzite, schist, gneiss and migmatite. I studied the effects of the skins on rock art stability, documented their compositions, textures and structures to establish their common properties, and searched for a way to date the silica which would provide an indication of the minimum age of the underlying art. 1 also made replication experiments to determine factors that influence the properties of artificial silica skins and the rates of their precipitation so that I could propose a mechanism for natural silica skin formation, and ascertain whether an artificial silica skin could act as a protective rock art conservation measure. I was able to subdivide the analysed samples into silica skin Types I, II and III on the basis of their colour (translucent, white or brown), composition (SiO2, Al2O3 and absorbed water contents) and texture (smooth vitreous or vermiform). I propose that silica skins initially begin to form on stable rock surfaces by a process involving a combination of evaporation- and ionic-induced polymerisation of silicic acid in seepage and runoff water. Condensation reactions, random clustering of small silica spheres and deposition of the resulting aggregates eventually produce a thin surficial silica film. Deposition of silica often traps micro-organisms that live in the damp seepage and runoff water zones, and these fossils in finely laminated skins enable the radiocarbon dating of silica deposition, and therefore the dating of rock paintings enclosed by silica. Micro-excavation of silica layers associated with rock art combined with accelerator mass spectrometry gave preliminary radiocarbon determinations that were either consistent with, or contradicted, prevailing opinions about the antiquity of the rock art at selected sites. Experiments using a laser technique for combusting fossilised microorganisms in finely laminated skins were unable to generate sufficient carbon for dating. Catalysis of a mixture of equal proportions of methyl-trimethoxy silane and water produces a translucent stable film that may be suitable as a consolidant, whereas other artificial silica skins made from silica glass and tetra-ethoxy silane develop microfractures on drying, and these are unsuitable as rock art consolidants.

Orientador: Vagner Cavenaghi / Banca: Welington Rocha / Banca: Fernando Bernardi de Souza / Resumo: Cadeias de suprimentos são identificadas e estruturadas para entregar aos consumidores finais que satisfaçam suas necessidades pelo preço que este aceite pagar. A mensuração de custos em cadeia de suprimentos pode apoiar a gestão de operações para garantir competitividade, lucratividade, rentabilidade e atratividade para todos os participantes da cadeia. Este trabalho revisa a literatura de custos, cadeia de suprimentos, mensuração e gestão de custos em cadeia de suprimentos. Apresenta a proposta para mensuração de custos em cadeia de suprimentos por meio do Custeio Variável e para demonstrar a proposta, analisa a cadeia de suprimentos do Etanol Hidratado Combustível. Foram utilizados dados públicos obtidos na Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocumbustível (ANP), Centros de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada - ESALQ (CEPEA) e Conselho dos Produtores de Cana-de-Açúcar, Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo (CONSECANA), a partir das usinas, passando pelas distribuidoras e postos de combustíveis até alcançar o consumidor final na cidade de Bauru, comparativamente, no estado de São Paulo, entre janeiro de 2010 e março de 2011. Para compreender a interpretação dos participantes da cadeia de suprimentos sobre preços, custos, margem de contribuição e impacto dos preços de venda na cadeia, entrevistas foram realizadas com representantes dos participantes desta cadeia. A análise dos resultados interpreta as informações obtidas com a proposta para mensuração de custos na cadeia sucroalcooleira, demonstrando as margens de contribuição de cada participante. O uso da proposta para mensuração de custos em cadeia de suprimentos revelou que as maiores margens de contribuição da cadeia são das usinas, que distribuidoras comercializaram o Etanol Hidratado Combustível... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Supply chains are identified and structured to deliver products to end consumers that meet their needs at a price that it agreed to pay. The cost measurement in the supply chain can support operations management to ensure competitiveness, profitability, rentability and attractiveness for all chain participants. This paper reviews the literature of costs, supply chain, measurement and cost management in the supply chain. Presents the proposal for cost measurement in the supply chain through variable costing and to demonstrate the proposal, analyzes the supply chain of Fuel ethanol hydrated. Public data was obtained from the Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels - ANP), Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada (Centre for Advanced Studies in Applied Economics) - ESALQ (CEPEA) and Conselho dos Produtores de Cana-de-Açúcar, Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo (Council of Producers of Sugar Cane, Sugar and Alcohol of the State of São Paulo - CONSECACA) from plants, through the distributors and gas stations until you reach the end consumer in the city of Bauru, comparatively, in the state of São Paulo, between January 2010 and March 2011. To understand the interpretation of the participants in the supply chain of price, cost, margin contribution and impact of selling prices in chain, interviews were conducted with representatives of the participants in this chain. The analysis of the results interprets the information obtained with the proposal for cost measurement in the sugarcane chain, demonstrating the cotribution, margins of each participant. The use of the proposal for cost measurement in the supply chain revealed that the largest contribution margins in the chain are the plants... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Issues concerning mechanisms of durability of hydrated cement phases in aggressive environments were studied. The possibility of using organic compounds in order to modify the micro- and nanostructure of the calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) phases was also investigated. Pure cement-based hydrated phases were synthesized and characterized by several analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compacted samples of the synthetic hydrated cement phases were also prepared and used for the assessment of durability and mechanical properties. This doctoral thesis is comprised of several research chapters which can be categorized into two main parts. The first part focuses on the development of novel organically modified C-S-H systems. The second part involves the mechanisms underlying the volume stability of phase pure sulfoaluminate and related phases. A brief description of each part is as follows: - development of novel organically modified C-S-H systems: The mechanisms of interaction of organic compounds with the nanostructure of C-S-H systems were studied. A model for the nanostructure of the resulting composite systems was proposed. In addition, the organically modified systems were tested for length-change, calcium-ion leaching and diffusion of isopropanol. Dynamic mechanical analysis and microindentation techniques were also used to determine the mechanical performance. Evidence of the superior engineering performance of the novel organically modified C S-H systems was provided. - mechanisms of the volume stability of sulfoaluminate and related phases: Volume stability and change in the microstructure of the synthetic ettringite, monosulfate and thaumasite was critically examined in de-ionized water as well as in highly concentrated gypsum- or lime-water. A new dissolution-based mechanism for the expansion of these phases was proposed. The volume stability of multicomponent systems comprised of the C-S-H-based system (prepared in part I) and these sulfate-based hydrated phases was also investigated. It was suggested that the systems containing the modified C-S-H rather than the phase pure C-S-H had better resistance to crack growth and disintegration originating from the presence of ettringite or thaumasite.

The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and the spin lattice relaxation time of protons in powdered hydrated gallium sulfate have been investigated and compared in order to determine the probable proton configurations. The second moment and the relaxation time of the proton resonance were studied over a wide range of temperature. The NMR evidence is compatible with the existence of protons in OH-and H30+ configurations supporting the suggestion of Johansson (1962) based on an x-ray structure analysis. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)